Most environments (most abundant) Living Organisms Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Eukaryotes Domain Eukarya Extreme environments -Protists -Fungus -Plants -Animals Most environments (most abundant)

Domain Bacteria and Archaea (Kingdom Monera) Prokaryotes Microscopic organisms that do NOT have a nucleus 1 to 10 micrometers (1/1000 of a millimetre) Single celled organisms Can form colonies Do NOT contain complex organelles, but do have: Genetic material (DNA) Ribosomes Cell wall Plasma membrane size of bacteria

Methods of Identifying Bacteria 1. Cell Shape Sphere (cocci) Rod (bacilli) Spiral (spirilla)

Cell Wall: Provides physical protection Prevents cell from bursting in _______ environments Can plasmolysize in __________environments (preserving meat)

Gram-positive: Simpler walls will a large amount of peptidoglycan Example: Streptococcus (strep throat or tooth decay)

Gram-negative: Have less peptidoglycan Structurally more complex: More proteins, extra plasma membrane and lipopolysaccharide Example: E.Coli, Salmonella and Gonorrhoea

Gram staining: Detects the peptidoglycan Gram positive will absorb the dye in its peptidogylcan layers and turns violet Gram negative will not absorb the dye and is red

3. Methods of Respiration Obligate aerobe (must have oxygen) Oligate anaerobe (cannot have oxygen) Facultative Anaerobe (with or without oxygen)

Four Phyla Eubacteria: True bacteria Cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates for protection Cell membrane (may have two) Most contain flagella Can be photosynthetic (autotrophs) or heterotrophs

Cyanobacteria Blue green bacteria Photosynthetic Contain chlorophyll a (pigment) in the membrane allows for photosynthesis (i.e no chloroplasts)

Archaebacteria: Called methanogens b/c they give off methane gas (found in digestive tract) Live in extremely harsh conditions and with little oxygen (arctic, hotsprings, salt)

Prochlorobacteria: Photosynthetic Contain chlorophyll a and b Closely related to chloroplasts  plants

Cell Wall Gram staining using crystal violet  purple and safranine  red Cells with one thick layer of carbohydrates and protein take up crystal violet (stain purple) Gram Positive Bacteria Cells with a second layer of lipids and carbohydrates take up safranine (stain red) Gram Negative Bacteria

Bacterial Movement Flagella (one or more) Spiral or wiggle forward Layer of slime  slide Sessile (do not move)

Methods of Obtaining Energy Autotrophs- trap energy from the sunlight Phototrophic autotroph-produce food from sunlight Chemotrophic autotroph- produce food from inorganic molecules (sulphur, iron, nitrides) Heterotrophs-obtain energy by taking organic molecules and breaking them down Chemotrophic heterotroph –most bacteria/humans Phototrophic heterotroph-can use sunlight for energy but also need organic molecules