The Home Front during WWI

http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/overthere.htm

1917 Selective Service Act 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918 4,800,000 men served in WWI (2,000,000 saw active combat) 400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units Selective Service Act of 1917 required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft. A lottery randomly determined the order they were called before a local draft board in charge of selecting or exempting people from military service. Progressives believed civilians in local communities made best decisions about which men to draft African Americans served in segregated units often under the direct supervision of white officers. 92nd and 93rd infantry divisions fought in bitter battles along the Western Front, and the 369th infantry division won the highly prized French decoration, the Criox de Guerre (war cross)

Opportunities for African Americans during WWI “Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919  70,000 War industries work Enlistment in segregated units

From the biography of a 'Munitionette', Miss Joan Williams Labor 'Women working in larger munitions factories were known as Canaries because they dealt with TNT which caused their skin to turn yellow. Around 400 women died from overexposure to TNT during World War One. Other hazards were more obvious and minor problems were common.' · The War Industries Board told factories what to produce and the War Labor Board settled labor disputes From the biography of a 'Munitionette', Miss Joan Williams

The Role of Women in WWI Women in the military Army Nursing Corps 10,000 overseas Navy clerical duties, radio operators

Organizing the War Effort at Home War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch Food Administration – Herbert Hoover Fuel Administration – Railroad Administration – William McAdoo National War Labor Board – W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh Congress created special boards to coordinate the mobilization of the economy. Cooperation between big business and government. Fuel Administration- Manage the nation’s use of coal and oil. Conserve energy, instituted daylight savings time and “heatless Mondays” National War Labor Board mediate labor disputes that might otherwise lead to strikes. Wage increases, 8 hr. workday, and right of unions to organize and bargain collectively. Labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war production with strikes or other disturbances WIB- What industries could and could not produce. Controlled the flow of raw materials, factories, could set prices. Production in U.S. increased by 20% Food- Increasing food production while reducing civilian consumption

Food Administration “Wheatless Mondays” “Meatless Tuesdays” “Porkless Thursdays” · Food: Americans learned to conserve food for the soldiers.

The government standardized the size of loaves of bread made by bakeries. Only bread baked with the exact percentage of substitute ingredients as required by the food laws could be called “victory bread”

“V” is for Victory (Garden that is!) In order to support the troops “victory gardens” were grown by people throughout the nation.

Fuel Administration

Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds 1/3 of war money required was gathered through income taxes. The government borrowed more than $20 billion from the American people by selling Liberty and Victory Bonds. By buying the bonds, the Americans were loaning the government money, which they agreed to repay with interest in a specified number of years. Buying these bonds was seen as an act of patriotism

Committee on Public Information Short patriotic 4 minute speeches to be delivered at movie theaters, public halls, and gathering places

Espionage Act – 1917 How far are YOU willing to go for your country? - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. - ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail. - fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

How far are YOU willing to go for your country? Sedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder the US in the prosecution of the war.

Propaganda Posters of World War One

What does Propaganda mean? Propaganda is information that is spread for the purpose of promoting a cause or belief In World War One propaganda posters were used to:- Recruit men to join the army; Recruit women to work in the factories and in the Women’s Land Army; Encourage people to save food and not to waste it; Keep morale high and encourage people to buy government bonds.

Why were propaganda posters needed during World War One? When Britain declared war in August 1914 it had only a small professional army, the BEF; They desperately needed men to join up and fight; Most people did not own radios and TV had not yet been invented; The easiest way for the government to communicate with the people was through posters stuck up on walls in all the towns and cities. Posters became the “weapon on the wall.”

How were men encouraged to join the army? Men were made to feel unmanly and cowardly for staying at home.

How were women used to encourage men to join the army? Women were encouraged to pressurise their husbands, boyfriends, sons and brothers to join up.

How was fear used? Some posters tried to motivate men to join up through fear; Posters showed the atrocities that the Germans were said to be committing in France and Belgium; People were encouraged to fear that unless they were stopped, the Germans would invade Britain and commit atrocities against their families .

How were women encouraged to work in the factories or to join the army or the land girls? When the men joined the war, the women were needed to do their jobs; There was a massive need for women in the factories, to produce the weapons, ammunition and uniforms needed for the soldiers; There was a major food shortage and women were desperately needed to grow food for the people of Britain and the soldiers in France.

Posters encouraged everyone to do their bit... Through joining up; Through working for the war effort; By not wasting food; Through investing in government bonds.

Why are WW1 Propaganda Posters important? For historians today, propaganda posters of World War One reveal the values and attitudes of the people at the time; They tell us something about the feelings in Britain during World War One.

Now it’s your turn! Create your own WWI propaganda poster Your poster MUST: Be about WWI Be an enlistment or “help on the home front” poster Take up the entire piece of paper Be in color Have your name, date, period, and the name of the persuasive technique you used on the back of the paper On the back side of your poster, or an attached loose leaf paper- write a two paragraph response explaining your political cartoon. What is there, why is it there, what does it stand for, why did you use the colors you used, etc.

Task Your task is to produce a World War One Propaganda Poster; Remember to focus on one of the key reasons for why propaganda posters were produced:- To recruit men to join the army; To recruit women to work in the factories and in the Women’s Land Army; To encourage people to save food and not to waste; To keep morale high and encourage people to buy government bonds.