Study Notes for Chapter 3: The Earth’s Ecosystems (Green Environmental Science Book)

Chapter 3 Section 1: Land Biomes

1. _______ factors are the nonliving parts of an environment. Abiotic 1. _______ factors are the nonliving parts of an environment.

2. ______ factors are the living parts of an environment. Biotic 2. ______ factors are the living parts of an environment.

3. __________ forests have tall trees full of leaves year-round. Coniferous

4. _______ ____ forests has many trees and receives up to 400 cm of rainfall per year. Tropical Rain

5. _______ ____ forests have very poor soil. Tropical Rain 5. _______ ____ forests have very poor soil.

6. During the summer, _________ grasses dry out and turn yellow. savanna

7. A ______ is very dry and often very hot. desert 7. A ______ is very dry and often very hot.

8. __________ is soil that is always frozen. Permafrost 8. __________ is soil that is always frozen.

Chapter 3 Section 2: Marine Ecosystems

1. Water temperature, depth, and amount of sunlight are ______ factors of a marine ecosystem. abiotic

2. __________ are tiny organisms that float near the surface of the water and produce their own food. Plankton

3. The base of the ocean’s food chains is formed by ________. plankton

4. The _______ zone has the warmest temperature. surface 4. The _______ zone has the warmest temperature.

5. The _________ zone is where the ocean meets the land. Intertidal 5. The _________ zone is where the ocean meets the land.

6. Animals living in the _________ zone must adapt to crashing waves and exposure to air. intertidal

neritic 7. The ________ zone is where the ocean floor begins to slope downward, with warm, sunlit water.

8. Coral reefs, Sea turtles, and dolphins live in the _______ zone. neritic

9. In the _______ zone the sea floor drops ________ and contains the deep water of the open ocean and animals such as whales and sharks. oceanic sharply

benthic 10. The _______ zone is the ocean floor where the deepest parts get no _______. sunlight

benthic 11. Animals that live in the ________ zone eat material that _____ from above. sinks

12. Oceans provide most of the water for ____________ on Earth. precipitation

Coral reefs 13. ____ _____ are very biologically diverse compared with other marine ecosystems.

14. An area with nutrient-rich, fast-moving _____-water from rivers that spills into the ocean is called an _______. fresh estuary

15. The nutrient-rich waters near _____ ___ supports large numbers of plankton. polar ice

Chapter 3 Section 3: Freshwater Ecosystems

abiotic 1. A major _______ factor that affects freshwater ecosystem is speed of water because animals must ______ so they are not washed away. adapt

2. Many plants can grow in the littoral zone of a lake because ________ reaches its bottom. sunlight

Wetlands 3. _________ are ecosystems that play an important role in flood control.

Wetlands 4. _________ help replenish underground water supplies because water moves deeper in the ground.

marsh 5. A _______ is an area near the shore of a pond with many grasses and no trees.

swamp 6. A _______ is an area with wet soil, standing water, with willows and orchids.

7. A ____ may become a forest when it fills with _________ over time. lake 7. A ____ may become a forest when it fills with _________ over time. sediment

The End