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BASIC INSTRUMENTATION KID BASIC MEDIUM PRO

KID Instrumentation Basics Electrical Basics Electronics Basics

Basic level Fundamental Laws

Medium level ELECTROMEGNETICS

PRO Level DCS AND PLC

Electrical Basics Basic Terms Current EMF Potential Difference :Voltage Power Energy Efficiency

Atoms

Atoms Proton : Positively charge Neutron: Neutral Electron: Negatively Charged

Proton Location : In the Nucleus Cannot break Nucleus and move freely

ELECTRON In the outer Orbit Can move with little bit of push

Material Can Give electron easily: Conductors Can resist from giving electrons : Insulators

Conductors ‘Conductors’ are materials that ‘conduct’ current easily.

Insulators Insulators are materials that are very poor at carrying an electric current.

Symbol : A Current Current is the flow of electrons! Amount of electric charge passing through an area per second. Measured in Ampere! Symbol : A

Current

Current

Potential Difference

Let’s come out!

Give me steps to Install Water fall !

TANK

Flow

Because

Oh ! Cant Move

Try!

This can be Done!!!!

Now let us move to something electrical Now let us move to something electrical. Instead of having a waterfall, let us imagine that we want to light up a light bulb.

Electrons are steady

Same as this

Putting a pump!

Pump = Potential Diffence

Difference ?

Same!

EMF EMF : Electro Motive Force Unit: Voltage It is the voltage developed by any source of electrical energy such as a battery or dynamo

Power Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries.

Equation Power = Voltage x Current P = V x I

POWER Electric power is transformed to other forms of energy when electric charges move through an electric potential (voltage) difference, which occurs in electrical components in electric circuits.

Energy It is described as energy absorbed or delivered by an electrical circuit. Unit : joule

Efficiency (electrical) It is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed. Typically denoted by the Greek small letter eta (η)

Electrical Basic Basic Components Resistance Inductance Capacitance

Resistance

Instrumentation Basics Urvish Soni

Back To Basics Scope of Instrumentation in industries For automation For safe and continues operation of the plant For meeting the huge production targets For controlling environmental factors

Significance of Instrumentation & control Instrumentation is eyes and ears of any process. Without IC it is difficult to run continues process operation IC helps to automate the process which provides safety to the process and reduces human efforts IC increases human comfort And many more….

Evolution of Instrumentation Manual to automation Recorders to Online Trends Pneumatic to Digital

Basic terms related to instrumentation & control Input System / Process Output Feedback Error Process variable (Controlled variable) Control variable (Manipulated Variable)

Block Diagram

Process variable (Controlled variable) process variable: a quantity which is controlled in a control system is called process variable.

Control variable (Manipulated Variable)

Input feed is raw material for the process Input is set point generally electrical signal.

System system: a set of elements which are connected together and works for a particular task. System is where input in feed to it and with help of control mechanism input will be converted in to desired output

Output After a process on input it is the outcome of the whole system Output: controlled value of controlled variable is called output.

feedback Feedback: a signal is given to the comparator as per the value of process variable (Controlled variable) is called feedback.

Generalized block diagram of Instrumentation System Five Stages: Controlling Stage Correcting Stage Plant or Process to be controlled Measuring Stage Feedback Stage

Controlling Stage Two units in this stage: Comparator Amplifier and Signal Processing Unit

Correcting Stage Two units in this stage: Controller Final Control Element

Plant or Process to be controlled Process Variable

Measuring Stage Two units in this stage: Sensing Stage / Transducer Stage Measuring Unit

Feedback Stage Takes signal from Output and gives output to comparator

Characteristics of instrumentation system Two parts Static Dynamic