HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT DR. PETROS KOSMAS LECTURER, CASA COLLEGE ACADEMIC YEAR 2010 - 2011 LECTURE 7 ECON-220

Was there a Need for Reform? During the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution not only revolutionized the way things were made, but also created many problems. ECON-220

Realism, Positivism, Marxism and Materialism. In what ways did the failed revolutions of 1848 foster the idea of MATERIALISM? In what ways was REALISM a sign of the times in painting and literature? Identify what is Positivism— And, finally, you will learn the important background that influence Karl Marx beliefs and its future impact on Russian History.

The revolutions of 1848 spread throughout Europe, and what began with hope was quickly suppressed by reactionary, conservative governments.

After the failure of the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, the dreams of many Europeans ended.

There had been some positive outcomes of 1848—peasants were freed in Germany and Austria, and many moved to America.

Materialism and Realism Many were bitter about government reaction after the revolutions. This new attitude was called materialism: an idea that all things were a result of physiological or physical forces. In art and music it was called realism.

Realism included painters such as Courbet, Millet, and Daumier…

Courbet’s paintings were of the peasants—in the countryside, but they were displayed in the salons of Paris, for the bourgeoisie to observe.

Perhaps this was a way of saying that “we may have been defeated in the revolutions, but we are still here. Our needs are just.”

Realism found its way into the writings of authors such as Flaubert Realism found its way into the writings of authors such as Flaubert. Flaubert’s Madame Bovary is a landmark novel that mocked romantic illusions about marriage and family life.

Both writers and painters broke away from the traditions of romanticism and said they wanted “real facts.”

Positivism Similar to realism was the idea of positivism, which meant that one must insist on verifiable facts and not on wishful thinking. In politics this became Real Politik--but we will learn more about that later

Karl Marx But no other ideas came out of the post-Congress of Vienna era which would have more influence than those of Karl Marx.

“Young Hegelians.” Marx associated with other German radicals—similar to the radicals we saw in our movie Les Miserables. This group was called the “Young Hegelians.”

Marx met Friedrich Engels (1820-1893) who was the heir to a vast fortune.

Marx and Engels Marx and Engels met in Paris in 1844. In 1847, they joined the Communist league—which was, at that time, a tiny group of revolutionaries.

In 1848—a momentous date in publishing history, the Communist Manifesto was published.

What was the Communist Manifesto? It was a “manifesto” that encouraged workers to overthrow the systems that oppressed them.

Marx & Engels: The Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels argued that human societies have always been divided into two warring classes: The middle class, “haves” or employers, called the bourgeoisie The wealthy controlled the means of producing goods The working class, “have-nots” or employees called the proletariat The poor performed backbreaking labor under terrible conditions. ECON-220

The alienation of labor… Marx wrote about the alienation of labor…when work becomes so mechanical that people become estranged from the objects they produce. This was something he observed as the unregulated industrial revolution continued in Britain and spread to Europe.

A good example of this is factories where people would be doing repetitive tasks for very little pay.

Marx studied Hegel’s view of thesis, antithesis and synthesis.

Marx echoed that history was the result of impersonal forces—

He wrote that conditions , mainly economic, produce the change

The Communist Manifesto was a summons to revolution…

The famous saying, “Workers of the world, unite The famous saying, “Workers of the world, unite.” is one of the most famous in history.

So remember, this saying has its roots in the unhappy conditions of France and other countries prior and after the 1848 revolutions.

Karl Marx spent time in London—where he spent hours in the British Library Reading Room. There he began the research that led to his great works of political and economic analysis, including the monumental Das Kapital.

Marxism’s message began to diminish between 1848 and 1870—labor became organized, most men got the vote, and there were other increases to wages and benefits.

And in fact, Marxism should have died out…but instead, he was read and re-read by a young man, Vladimir Lenin.

The Russian Revolution of 1917 would be a much later outcome of the writings of Karl Marx—70 years after the revolutions of 1848.

Marx: Communism Under communism, and the abolition of property, will universal laziness take over? Marx: If that were true, then bourgeois society would have stopped long ago. Under bourgeoisie society, those who work acquire nothing, and those who acquire anything, do not work.

Marx: Communism What does Marx say about nations? The workers have no country. Communism abolishes the bourgeoisie nation state. The idea of the nation state is a product of the bourgeoisie. When the bourgeoisie have been removed on an international scale, then there will be no need for nations. The exploitation of one nation by another will end.

Marx: Policies in Manifesto Heavy progressive and graduated income tax Centralization of credit in the hands of the state by means of a national bank Centralization of the means of communication and travel in the hands of the state. Extension of factories and means of production owned by the state Free education for all children in public schools Abolition of child labor in factories