Nationalism and the Arts Chapter 24 Nationalism and the Arts

Nationalism Types Characteristics Examples Unification Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands 19th century Germany 19th Century Italy Separation Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away Greeks in Ottoman Empire French Speaking Canadians State-Building Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture Assimilation United States Turkey

Nationalism Changes Europe Three forces struggled for supremacy in European societies: Conservatives, Liberals, and Radicals. Conservatives: wealthy property owners and nobility- argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe. (Some approved of constitutional monarchies) Liberals: middle class business leaders and merchants who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only to parliaments in which the educated and the landowners could vote. Radicals: wanted drastic changes to extend democracy to the people as a whole.

The Idea of the Nation-State Nationalism (belief that one’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture and history, rather than a king or an empire) began to blur the lines that separated the above political theories. Nation-State: when the nation also had its own government

Nationalism Sparks Revolts in the Balkans Greece- the first to gain independence (controlled by the Ottoman Empire- most of the Balkans: Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and former Yugoslavia) The Greeks had kept their ancient history and culture alive; spurred on by the nationalist spirit; they demanded that their country take its place among those nation-states of Europe. In 1827, a fleet (British, French, and Russians) destroyed the Ottoman fleet. In 1830, a treaty recognized the full independence of Greece.

The Tide of Reform in Western Europe Liberals and nationalists openly revolted against conservative governments. Nationalist riots broke out against Dutch rule in the Belgian city of Brussels- November 1830- Belgians finally declared their independence from Dutch control

Reform and Revolution in France The radical demand for democratic government was the main goal of revolution in France. 1830- France’s King Charles X tried to stage a return to absolute monarchy- he was forced to flee to Great Britain. Louis-Phillipe replaced him: supported liberal reforms, however, after 18 years, he was overthrown and a republic was established in France, led by Alphonse de Lamartine. The result- a modest constitution was drawn up in 1848; it called for a parliament and a strong president to be elected by the people.

France Accepts a Strong Ruler December 1848: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon’s nephew) won the presidential election; he took the title: Emperor Napoleon III. The people were tired of instability and welcomed a strong ruler. He built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted an ambitious program of public works. Under his guidance, the unemployment rate dropped and France experienced prosperity.

The Ideal of Nationalism Nationalism fueled the efforts to build nation-states. Romantic nationalists preached that a nation, like a person has the right to independence. Independence would allow a nation’s identity to develop. See the chart on page 613 (Patterns of Change: Nationalism) Nationality, Language, Culture, History, Religion, Territory = Nation-State

Bonds that Create a Nation-State Nationality- a belief in a common ethnic ancestry= a belief that may or may not be true Language – different dialect (forms) of one language; one dialect chosen as the “nation language” Culture- a shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideas)

Bonds continuted History- a common past; common experience Religion- a religion shared by all or most of the people Territory- a certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; it’s “land”

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires Three empires- Austro-Hungarian Empire of the Hapsburgs, the Russian Empire of the Romanovs, and the Ottoman Empire of the Turks- a jumble of ethnic groups Ethnic Groups

A Force for Disunity or Unity? Nationalist movements were capable of tearing apart empires; however they also created new, unified nation-states. Those who wanted to restore the old order from before the French Revolution saw nationalism as a force for disunity. Nationalism could also unify masses of people; therefore, authoritarian rulers began using these feelings for their own purposes.

Italy Unification of Italy

Germany German Unification

Unification Chart

The Balance of Power Shifts The 1815 Congress of Vienna established 5 Great Powers in Europe- Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia Prussia became Germany: in 1815 the powers were nearly equal; by 1871 Germany and Britain were the most powerful, both economically and militarily. Austria, Russia, and Italy lagged behind; France was in the middle. The balance of power in Europe had broken down

The Romantic Movement Romanticism- a movement in art and ideas; it showed deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual. Passion rather than reason defined many. The Ideas of Romanticism: Emotion was the key element. Emphasized inner feelings, emotions, imagination Focused on the mysterious and the supernatural; also on the odd, exotic, and grotesque or horrifying Loved the beauties of untamed nature Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time Glorified heroes and heroic actions Cherished folk traditions, music, and stories Valued the common people and the individual Promoted radical change and democracy

Romantic Music Romantic_music Carmen Liszt Chopin Beethoven

The Shift to Realism Rapid industrialization had a deep effect on everyday life in Europe In literature and the visual arts, realism tried to show life as it is, not as it should be. Paintings reflected the importance of the working class in the 1850’s. The growing class of industrial workers lived in dirty, crowded cities The interest in science and the scientific method encouraged the “realistic” approach- operated through observation and the reporting of facts. The camera, a new invention, recorded objective and precise images

Realism Music Wagner Valkyries

Impressionist React Against Realism A group of painters in Paris reacted against the realistic style- they tried giving their impression of a subject or a moment in time- this style of art came to be known as impression. Impressionist artists used pure, shimmering colors to capture a moment seen at a glance. Edourad Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir- impressionists who showed a more positive view of the new urban society in Western Europe. Instead of abused workers, they showed shop clerks and dockworkers enjoying themselves in dance halls and cafes.