OST Biology Review Questions by Topic Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

I. Cells Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

1. Cell Structure & Function A. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cell – a cell that lacks internal structures surrounded by membranes Eukaryotic cell – cells containing internal, membrane bound structures Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

B. What are organelles? Name 6 organelles and their functions. Organelles – structures in the cytoplasm of a cell that carry out cellular activities Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017 Have them give me organelles and functions

Name and describe the function of the labeled organelles 4. Nucleolus 1. 3. 2. Golgi – packages proteins Mitochondria – provides energy as ATP for cell Ribosomes – makes proteins Nucleus – control center has DNA Rough ER – transports molecules Centrioles 5. Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Name and describe the function of the labeled organelles 9. 6. 7. 8. Vacuole – for storage (cell sap) Chloroplast – photosynthesis Cell wall – provides shape/structure Plasma membrane – controls what gets in/out of cell Cytoplasm – fluid fills cell 10. Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

C. How does a plant and animal cell differ C. How does a plant and animal cell differ? Plant cells contain chloroplasts and cell walls and animal cell do not. Plant cells have larger vacuoles, no centrioles, and a rigid shape due to their cell walls. Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Keeping conditions constant (like body temperature) D. What is meant by homeostasis? Keeping conditions constant (like body temperature) Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

E. What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? Diffusion – movement of a molecule from an area where it is in higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis – diffusion of water across membranes Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

F. What is the function of cilia and the flagella and where are they found? Cilia – short hair like projections on a cell that causes movement of the cell Flagella – long thread like structures that propel an organism in a whip like fashion Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

G. What is ATP? Where is it found? What is its function? ATP – energy storing molecules that serve as a cells energy source. It acts as “energy currency”. ATP is produced in the mitochondria Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

H. List and describe the functions of the 4 types of macromolecules H. List and describe the functions of the 4 types of macromolecules. Carbohydrates and lipids – store energy (Lipids = long term storage and insulation ex. Seals) Proteins – many functions ex enzymes speed up reactions Nucleic acids – store and transmit info (DNA & RNA) Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Explain how enzymes function. Enzymes have an active site that fits only certain molecules (substrates). Higher temperatures speed up enzymes – too high of temperatures denatures (changes the shape) the enzyme so it won’t work Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

2. Cellular Processes A. What is photosynthesis and where does it occur? A chemical process by which plants use light energy to make chemical energy in the form of the sugar glucose from water and carbon dioxide in the chloroplast Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

B. What is the major product of photosynthesis B. What is the major product of photosynthesis? What is the major reactant? Reactants Carbon dioxide + water (in the presence of sunlight with chlorophyll) produce Productssugar (glucose) and oxygen Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

C. Why is photosynthesis so important C. Why is photosynthesis so important? It is important because food is produced from sunlight which will eventually transfer energy to herbivores and carnivores in the food chain. Photosynthesis produces oxygen and uses up carbon dioxide Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

D. Write the equation for photosynthesis. Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

How is chemosynthesis similar to photosynthesis? Different? Both processes involve an organism taking energy from an external source to make sugar (food). Chemosynthesis uses chemical energy (ex from sulfur) to make food, photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun. Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

F. What is cellular respiration F. What is cellular respiration? A process in cells by which oxygen is chemically combined with food molecules and energy is released in the mitochondria. Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Reactants – oxygen (O2) and glucose G. What is the major product of cellular respiration? What is the major reactant? Reactants – oxygen (O2) and glucose Products – ATP and carbon dioxide (CO2) Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

H. Write the equation for cellular respiration. Emphasize the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Anaerobic respiration – does not require oxygen (produces less energy I. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration? Name an example of each. Anaerobic respiration – does not require oxygen (produces less energy Example – fermentation (lactic acid and alcoholic) Aerobic respiration – oxygen requiring process (produces more energy) Example – cellular respiration Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

J. Explain the importance of cell division J. Explain the importance of cell division. All cells have the same DNA, but different genes are active in different types of cells (ex. Nerve, skin, muscle) influenced by the cell’s environment and past history. Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

Explain the importance of cell division (mitosis). Cell division creates new cells identical to their parent cells (PMAT) – allows growth and repair of cells Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

L. What are enzymes? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body (needed for life) Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017

M. Explain how the following can affect enzyme function M. Explain how the following can affect enzyme function. Substrate concentration - higher equals faster rate (to a point) pH - most enzymes have specific pH ranges for optimal function Temperature - Higher temperature = faster rate, unless the temperature gets so high it denatures (changes the shape) of the enzyme – then it no longer works Created by Mr. Sean Stewart Rhodes Comprehensive High School 2015 Edited 2016, 2017