World Health Organization 6 September, 2018 Air pollution – the solutions Annette Prüss-Ustün Air Pollution Symposium, 18-19 November 2017, Istanbul

World Health Organization Solutions for better air and health London's vision & strategy (extract) 6 September, 2018 London joined the Breathelife campaign in 2017. Implement "Healthy streets" to make street pleasant for pedestrians Target: 80% of all trips on foot, by cycle or by public transport by 2041 (current: 64%). Phase out pure diesel double deck buses by 2018. New taxi licenses from 2018 will be "zero emission". All cars zero-emission by 2040. Introduce a £10 toxicity charge to oldest and most polluting vehicles. Improve energy efficiency in buildings. Replace and repair inefficient and broken boilers. London will be a carbon-free city by 2050. http://breathelife2030.org/news/londons-vision-clean-energy-clean-air/

China Air pollution in 13th Five Year Plan for economic development Examples Decrease in PM2.5 emissions by 25% Reduce emissions from coal burning. Control coal consumption and replace coal. Implement cleaner and more efficient coal burning methods. Reduce vehicle emissions. Eliminate highly polluting cars. Control the number of cars. Improve traffic management. Increase electrical energy production, with increased support for wind, solar, and bio power sectors. Promote the use of waste straw as a resource; reduce field burning. Promote clean production. Yana Jin et.al. 2016, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health

World Health Organization Solutions to reduce air pollution and improve health Process for implementing reductions in emissions 6 September, 2018 Create a mechanism that facilitates the implementation of cross- sector action with the aim to reduce health impacts from air pollution. The health sector should take a leading role and coordinate action. The process should involve all relevant ministries (transport, energy, housing, agriculture…). The mechanism should be implemented at highest level (above Ministries).

World Health Organization Solutions to reduce air pollution and improve health Transport & urban planning 6 September, 2018 Efficient mass transit & walking and cycling paths Reduced pollution, noise, road traffic accident and increased equity Emission standards, soot-free vehicles Create "Healthy streets" – pleasant and safe streets for pedestrians Healthy urban planning Reduced need for transportation, improved physical activity, air quality

Energy-efficient housing. Solutions to reduce air pollution and improve health Household air & energy supply Energy-efficient housing. Passive building design principles. Access to clean energy and technologies for cooking, heating and lighting. Renewable power supply. Energy conservation. Diesel replacement for vehicles and engines.

Renewable power supply Diesel and coal replacement Solutions to reduce air pollution and improve health Industry & waste management Renewable power supply Diesel and coal replacement Industrial emission control Improve industrial efficiency. Reduce coal consumption. Promote upgrade of economic transition. Foster the environmental industry and promote innovative development. Improved urban waste management Ex.: Landfill gas recovery No open burning

World Health Organization Urban policies that fulfil multiple objectives Focus : main sources of pollutants 6 September, 2018 Transport Waste burning Home energy Buildings Land use plans Industry Health benefits from improving Air pollution Injuries Physical activity Noise Diet Air and Climate pollutant reductions

Health Sector Role Convey the health burden. Provide leadership in health matters related to air pollution. Convene different sectors to address public health issues. Weave in action on health determinants into disease control strategies. Support improved standards. Conduct health-based assessments. Protect those at risk (people with heart/ lung diseases, diabetes, elderly, children). Reduce exposure and consider avoiding exertion. Advocate for monitoring. The health sector has a duty to: Protect children, who do not have a voice Use existing PH knowledge to inform decisions Help ensure best use of resources – invest where the benefits are greater Help reduce health inequity through public policies Health matters to all sectors and to the economy

Conclusions Many solutions are available – cities, countries are already implementing them. Solutions are often win-win Multiple benefits, including better air, less noise, more pleasant streets, higher physical activity, quicker transit. Economically forward looking: foster innovation and development of "green technologies" The health sector has a key leadership role to play Educate. Influence adequate policy development. Advocate for monitoring.