ENGLISH PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY Week 9

Week 9 – Sounds in Contact 2 Stress Stressed vs unstressed syllables Characteristics: intensity pitch vowel quality vowel duration

Week 9 – Sounds in Contact 2 Stressed vs unstressed syllables Loudness less loudness Changed pitch following previous one Any vowel *(but Schwa) usually schwa & short u Full length short vowels

Week 9 – Sounds in Contact 2 Primary vs secondary stress? /’/ Language invariable stress (e.g. Italian) Penultimate syllable (e.g. Madonna) Lexically-designated stress (e.g. English) - Stress fixed for individual words (lexemes)

Week 9 – Sounds in Contact 2 *General guidelines Di and trisyllabic words – the first syllable is stressed, e.g. hesitate, colourful, etc. Polysyllabic words (>4) – antepenultimate syllable, e.g. communicate Words with prefixes – stress after the prefix, e.g. unmark

Week 9 – Sounds in Contact 2 *General guidelines Suffixes: stressed & attracting stress in the preceding syllable, e.g. employee, picturesque, kitchenette, mountaineer, etc.; inflation, initiative, productive, productivity, courageous, proficiency, etc. Compounds – 2 elements; IEL, FEL

Week 9 – Sounds in Contact 2 *General guidelines Compounds – 2 elements; IES, FES IES- those written as one word – e.g. bookcase; nouns with “room” – e.g. dining room; non-manufactured notions – e.g. paper clip;

Week 9 – Sounds in Contact 2 *General guidelines Compounds – 2 elements; IEL, FEL FES – manufactured notions – e.g. apple pie; Location-related notions – e.g. Fifth Avenue, Trafalgar Square, etc.