BELLWORK: 12/11 What were the “three G” causes of exploration? How did exploration impact trade? Give a specific example! How did exploration impact native populations? In your opinion, what was the biggest/most important effect of exploration? Why? THINKER: Make a prediction  how will Renaissance values, the changing view of the church and exploration impact science?

The Scientific Revolution “No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess” --Isaac Newton

The Middle Ages People believed: The earth was flat The earth was the center of the universe (God created the universe to serve people, therefore it was the center) This idea was called the Geocentric Theory Also used centuries-old myths & legends to explain events

Scientific Revolution The exploration era motivated others to expand their understanding of science  Scientific Revolution! A period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of “ancient” ideas Laid the foundation of modern science.

Causes of the Scientific Revolution Changing role of the Catholic church New ideas & values - Questioning attitude (skepticism) Increasing importance of math – key in navigation, military science & geography Classicism – studied Greek & Roman mathematicians/scientists (Plato) New approaches to seeking knowledge Available literature (printing press) New technology (telescope & microscope) Exploration – showed the unknown Read pgs. 477-481 & complete the worksheet.

Nicolaus Copernicus In the late 1400s, Copernicus began to challenge this old way of thinking He believed the earth was round and rotated on its axis as it revolved around the sun He believed the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe This was called the Heliocentric Theory

Johannes Kepler German astronomer in the early 1600s Defended and expanded ideas of Copernicus He used mathematical formulas to prove that the planets revolve around the sun (laws of planetary motion) Kepler also proved the planets move in oval ellipses, and move faster as they approach the sun

Galileo Galilei In 1609, mathematician Galileo expanded the ideas of Copernicus by proving that planets revolve around the sun, not the earth He also made improvements on the telescope, observed sun spots, improved compass design and discovered the 4 largest satellites of Jupiter, now called the Galilean Moons

Galileo Continued… In 1632, after publishing his ideas, Galileo was forced to stand trial for speaking against church ideas He was forced to recant his views and lived out his life under house arrest

Francis Bacon Late 1500s/Early 1600s Helped develop (along with Galileo) Scientific Method—scientists observe, hypothesize, and experiment to prove scientific law

Isaac Newton In his book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Newton described the three laws of motion and gravity (basis for modern engineering) Helped develop calculus and created “Newton’s Method” for finding zeroes of a function Invented the reflecting telescope, studied the speed of sound and law of cooling

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion A body continues to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force F = ma: the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Scientific Revolution: Effects Heliocentric Theory (Copernicus) Laws of Planetary Motion (Kepler) Planetary discoveries - moons, sunspots, planet composition, motion (Galileo) Three Laws of Motion: Gravity (Newton) Medical knowledge: dissecting human and animals, blood circulation, tools (syringe) Chemistry: properties of gasses, elements Increased role of women in science and education New ways of thinking (rationalism) New ways of studying science: theory, observation, experiment  Scientific Method (Bacon)

Connections…. How did the Scientific Revolution change scientific beliefs of the Middle ages? What new ideas in the Scientific Revolution do you still study today? Who was the most important scientist in the Scientific Revolution? Why?

REVIEW Copernicus Kepler Galileo Bacon Newton Explain the main achievement of each scientist during the Scientific Revolution: Copernicus Kepler Galileo Bacon Newton Make a prediction  How did the Catholic church respond to the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution?