Think about it…. Where do you think music came from? When do you think it was started? What type (s) of music do you think were first performed and notated?

Overview of Music History

Middle Ages / Medieval 450 – 1450 Sacred Music Mostly vocal music until 1100 After 1100, the church allowed instruments to be played. The organ was the most popular then. Most notated music was sacred Why? The church had control over learning. Most composers were anonymous because they were taught that it was wrong to take credit and brag about their works. They were taught that God would be unhappy with them.

Middle Ages / Medieval 450 – 1450 Secular music – non-religious Troubadours traveled the country, singing their love songs. They used drums, bagpipes, harps, and recorders. Why do you think they didn’t notate their music?

Quick Question… What makes Sacred music different from Secular music? Which was more likely to be notated?

Middle Ages / Medieval Gregorian Chant: The earliest music of the Middle Ages was sung slowly and without rhythm or harmony. Everyone sang the same thing. These tunes are also called Gregorian Chant, which were named after Pope Gregory I.

Middle Ages / Medieval Polyphony: Later on other musical lines were added, creating harmony. This is also called polyphonic music. This is music for more than one voice and it appeared during the later Medieval period. This marked the beginning of harmony.

What was the earliest music of the Middle Ages? What kind of music appeared later in the Middle Ages? What did it have that made it different?

Ballad Ballads were sung outside of churches and told stories. Topics included love, war, and heroes. Every other line rhymes within a verse– ABAB Verse One: Verse Two: ….. A ….C ….. B ….D …. A ….C …. B ….D

Medieval Listening Example “Graduale” By – Anonymous Include title, composer, and three musical ideas using sentences in your journal. Don’t forget your introduction and conclusion. Just fyi – the gradual is a responsorial chant and is the only type, other than the Alleluia, that is sung without an any action, such as a processional. It comes in between readings.

“Graduale” “Graduale” is a peaceful song. It was a Gregorian Chant. It doesn’t have any instruments playing with it. This song is religious. The color of this song is orange, because it is mellow.

Creating Music: Compose your own Ballad!

Creating Music At a keyboard, create a short song, around 30 seconds. Notate the song as they might have during the Medieval Period. Remember, they did not use rhythms and staff notation like we do today. They also did not have a piano then.

May 3 Do Now Answer these questions in your journals. Try to do this without using your notes if you can. 1. In the Medieval Period, where did you go to learn? 2. What was a popular church instrument near the end of this period? 3. Who traveled singing love songs? 4. What type of songs are slow, without rhythm or harmony?

Jan. 13 Do Now Answer these questions in your journals. Try to do this without using your notes if you can. What is the form / rhyme scheme of a ballad? What does anonymous mean? What was the topic of your ballad?

8th Grade Do Now, Sept. 15 Take out you Ballad from yesterday and quietly practice it. I will come around and listen to you. When I have listened to you, take one of the Renaissance papers on your table and work on it.

_____ _____ 3. Chordal music is when the harmony and voice parts move Name___________________________________________________ Period ________ Essential Question of the Lesson: What are the characteristics of music from the Renaissance time period? Directions: Determine whether each statement is true or false and mark your answer in the column marked Before. Before After _____ _____ 1. During the Renaissance, the middle and upper class hired tutors to educate their children. _____ _____ 2. Polyphonic music is when everyone performs the same melody and rhythms at the same time. _____ _____ 3. Chordal music is when the harmony and voice parts move at the same time in chords. _____ _____ 4. A madrigal is a non-religious (secular) song that people sing and is often a love song. _____ _____ 5. A motet is a non-religious song that people sing. _____ _____ 6. A mass is a religious (sacred) song that people sing. _____ _____ 7. The lute is a popular instrument during the Renaissance. _____ _____ 8. Instrumental music was mostly for singing and dancing during the Renaissance. _____ _____ 9. Palestrina was the worst composer from the Renaissance.

Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth”- in this case, it was a rebirth of Greek and Roman culture. It lasted from 1450-1600. The middle and upper classes hired people to educate their children. The printing press was invented and popularized the music of great composers.

Renaissance Music Most Renaissance music is polyphonic – two or more voices being heard with different rhythms. Near the end of the Renaissance, chordal music appeared. The voices moved together in chords.

Here are some questions What does Renaissance mean? What was invented that popularized the music of great composers? What does it mean for music to be polyphonic in the Renaissance time period?

Vocal A Capella Music Madrigals - These song forms were performed in groups of four, five, or six singers. A madrigal is secular music and were usually love songs. Motets - a polyphonic work with four or five voice parts singing one religious Latin text. Mass - follows the religious service of the Catholic Church and is sung in a very specific order: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei. It is performed in Latin.

Instrumental Music There was a growth in instrumental music, especially the lute and keyboard. The most popular instrument of the Renaissance was the lute. Most instrumental music was written for singing and dancing.

Let’s answer these. What were the three kinds of a capella music? Which one follows the religious service of the Catholic Church? What was the most popular instrument in the Renaissance time period?

Palestrina’s music shows pitch and rhythm. He was Italian and wrote mostly religious works. He is considered one of the great masters of Renaissance music. He wrote motets, madrigals, and masses.

Renaissance Listening Example “Kyrie” By Palestrina P. 174 in 8th grade text

Let’s Create Some Music! Creating a group composition in the Renaissance Polyphonic style. Each table will be a group. The bigger tables may split up into two and three if they would like. Each person in the group will compose two measures of rhythms in four. Practice it quietly all together and then we will perform them for the class.

8th Grade Do Now, May 5 Answer these questions in your journals. Use sentences! Try to do this without using your notes if you can. Then, finish the true/false paper in the “After” column from yesterday. 1. What does Renaissance mean? 2. When two or more voices are singing different rhythms, what is that called? Kyrie was an example of this. 3. Out of madrigals, motets, and masses, which is NOT religious? 4. What two things was instrumental music used for in the Renaissance? 5. Who was a great Renaissance composer?

8th Grade Do Now, Sept. 16 If I did not hear your Ballad yesterday I will come around to hear you perform it. Quietly finish your group polyphony projects from yesterday. When I have heard your group, get out the Renaissance True or False half sheet from yesterday. Fill in the column that says “After”. Try not to use your notes.

Baroque Activitation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTVraV gzC9U Organ – Bach

_____ _____ 3. Chordal music is when the harmony and voice parts move Name___________________________________________________ Period ________ Essential Question of the Lesson: What are the characteristics of music from the Renaissance time period? Directions: Determine whether each statement is true or false and mark your answer in the column marked Before. Before After _____ _____ 1. During the Renaissance, the middle and upper class hired tutors to educate their children. _____ _____ 2. Polyphonic music is when everyone performs the same melody and rhythms at the same time. _____ _____ 3. Chordal music is when the harmony and voice parts move at the same time in chords. _____ _____ 4. A madrigal is a non-religious (secular) song that people sing and is often a love song. _____ _____ 5. A motet is a non-religious song that people sing. _____ _____ 6. A mass is a religious (sacred) song that people sing. _____ _____ 7. The lute is a popular instrument during the Renaissance. _____ _____ 8. Instrumental music was mostly for singing and dancing during the Renaissance. _____ _____ 9. Palestrina was the worst composer from the Renaissance.

Baroque 1600-1750 Baroque refers to highly decorated music and art. Unity – repeating rhythms and melodic patterns Sudden dynamic and tempo changes Music was ornamented and improvised.

Baroque Music Orchestras begin to form Opera develops Was written for and heard only by kings and nobility and the Church Venice, Italy was the center of Baroque music Harpsichord was more popular than the piano.

Some Questions What two things could drastically change in music from the Baroque period? What musical group began to form? Where was the center of Baroque music?

Fugue The subject is stated by the first voice. The other voices then enter imitating the same subject, one at a time. The voices alternate subject and answer.

What about this? What form of music had a theme or subject that was repeated by different voices at different times? How is this different from a round?

Baroque Listening Example “Fugue in G Minor” By J. S. Bach

Create Some Music! Create a fugue with a partner, there can be three people. Start out with the same phrase, starting one after the other finishes. There must be other phrases that are not the same between the two, or three voices. All of the parts must end at the same time.

May 5 Do Now Answer these questions in your journals. Try to do this without using your notes if you can. Use sentences! 1. In the Baroque period, there were extreme changes in what two musical elements? 2. What musical group began to form during the Baroque period? 3. What type of vocal music was being developed during this period? 4. What was the popular keyboard instrument during the Baroque period?

May 6 Do Now Complete the orange vocabulary half-sheet that is on your tables. You may not use your notes. You may not ask any one for the answers.

May 7 Do Now Pick two time periods that we have done so far. Compare and contrast them. You may use your notes. Make sure you have at least 2 ways they are similar and 2 ways that they are different. Use sentences!!!!!!!!!!

8th Grade Do Now, Sept. 19 Please get rid of gum or candy. Answer in your notebooks using sentences. What are at least two differences between a round and a fugue? Describe the subject of a fugue.

8th Grade Do Now, Sept. 19 Get out your Fugue outline, and grading rubric from last class. Begin working with your table. There will be a short review of the Fugue to refresh everyone’s memories. Make sure that everyone’s name is on your grading rubric when I come around to listen to your work.

8th Grade Do Now, Sept. 20 Pick two time periods that we have done so far. Compare and contrast them. You may use your notes. Make sure you have at least 2 ways they are similar and 2 ways that they are different. Use complete sentences!!!!!

Classical Activation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKhH2h Ra-WQ Mozart Clip

Classical Period The Classical period began around 1750 and lasted until 1830. This was when Benjamin Franklin was discovering electricity. This was also when the United States was being founded.

Music of the Classical Period Music was simpler to play than Baroque music. Music was written for everyone. Common people began attending concerts. Emotions were controlled in the music. There were not extremes in tempo, dynamics, etc. like in the Baroque period.

Some Questions Was the music simpler or more complex in the Classical time period than the music in the Baroque time period? What were the emotions in the music like?

Classical Music A symphony usually has 3 or 4 movements and uses the entire orchestra. Orchestras were small, around 40 people, at the beginning of this period. They grew larger near the end. Rondo form, ABACA, was commonly used. It alternates between one main themes and contrasting themes.

Can you answer this? How many movements did symphonies normally have? Did the orchestras grow in size or shrink towards the end of the time period? What form was commonly used in the Classical time period?

Classical Listening Example “Rondo alla turka” By Mozart

Creating Music! In groups of four or five, you will be composing a piece in the Rondo Form. (ABACA) Use the handout to help you write your rhythms. Each section should be two measures long. (Write in the counts) The time signature must stay the same throughout the piece. Each person will only clap one section. (For the smaller groups, figure out who will clap two sections.)

8th Grade, Sept. 21 Quickly and quietly get out your Rondo outline from last class. Sit with your group where you sat yesterday. Finish it and quietly practice it. I will come around and hear you perform it.

8th Grade Do Now, Sept. 21 Answer these questions in your journals. Try to do this without using your notes if you can. Use sentences! 1. In the Classical period, music was for whom? 2. In Classical music, were there large contrasts in tempo and dynamics? 3. What has a few movements and is for an entire orchestra? 4. What is the type of song with a form that is ABACA?

Romantic Activation Fantasia/Fantasia 2000 Clip – Sorcerer’s Apprentice Think – Pair – Share – what do you think are characteristics of Romantic period music?

Romantic Period The Romantic period began around 1830 and ended around 1900. Yes, there was some overlap between the classical period and romantic period. In fact, Beethoven bridged the two periods during his lifetime.

Romantic Music Program music tells a story or describes something. Music is filled with passion and drama. Composers used music to overwhelm listeners with emotion, writing sad, sweeping pieces about love and heartbreak and magical fantasies about goblins, witches, and swans. The orchestra is arranged as we know it and was led by a conductor with a baton. The most popular instrument was the piano.

Can you answer these? Who bridged the Classical and Romantic time periods? What is program music? What was the most popular instrument?

Romantic Listening Example “March,” from The Nutcracker By Tchaikovsky

Creating Music!!! Program music! Each student will work by themselves. Make up a character and write a short paragraph about them. Write a description of how the theme music you are thinking of relates to your character. Go to the piano and quickly play the theme by ear. You will be playing it for the class.

8th Grade Do Now, Sept. 22 Answer these questions in your journals. Try to do this without using your notes if you can. 1. Who bridged the gap between Classical and Romantic music? 2. In the Romantic period, music is filled with what and what? 3. What is program music?

Modern Activiation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ce4TCth 0gGM&feature=PlayList&p=0C7DE393519 1D7D6&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&in dex=1 John Cage Piano Sonata X for prepared piano

Modern Period 1900 – Present

Neoclassical Composer: Aaron Copland Uses techniques used in Baroque and Classical periods Opposition to current musical trends

Serialism Composer: Arnold Schoenberg Music has no tonal center Randomly uses all 12 notes of the scale in a tone row Aleatoric: created by chance.

Answer these! What type of music used techniques from the Baroque and Classical time periods? What type of music used all 12 notes of the scale in a tone row?

Minimalism Composer: Phillip Glass Uses small patterns to create effects Extended Ostinati Drones in the background

Electronic Composer: Karlheinz Stockhausen Uses tape loops Found sounds, recorded then modified with computer. Synthesized sounds: original sounds are artificially created.

What about this? What type of music used tape loops? What type of music used small patterns to create effects?

Modern Review A time of musical experimentation Electronic music becomes a main focus Atonality – Music without a tonal center Broken into Currents Neoclassical Serialism Minimalism Electronic

Modern Listening Example “Gentleman’s Honor” By Phillip Glass

Modern Music Categorize Schoenberg’s Pierrot Lunaire, “Nacht” Stravinsky’s Symphony in Three Movements or Aaron Copland’s Appalachian Spring Stockhausen’s Gesang der Jünglinge (literally "Song of the Youths") John Adam’s Shaker Loops Neoclassical Minimalism Electronic Serialism

Creating Music!!! We are going to experiment with Serialism! Each student will create a tone row melody using all 12 notes of the scale. Remember to only use each note once. You are organizing them in any order that you want. When you are finished you can play it for the class on a keyboard.

Review Answer these questions in your journals. Try to do this without using your notes if you can. Define a tone row. What repeats small patterns and uses drones in the background? Who is a composer of Minimalism music? List the types of modern music.

The End This ends our journey through the different time periods of music history. This does not include current musical styles from across the world, including popular music of our own country.

Music History Word Splash Using as many words here as possible, write a letter to the students in the next rotation about what you learned about music history. Medieval Baroque Minimalism Madrigal Renaissance Sacred Secular Unison Program music Beethoven Modern Romantic Chordal Gregorian Chant Polyphonic Motet Rondo Tone Row Serialism Classical Mass Fugue

Edited from TeachersPayTeachers.com seller Sarah Cameron’s PowerPoint “Music History”. https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Music-History-1266106