Native and Colonial America Unit I AP U.S. History
Natives Bering Sea land bridge Nomads Agriculturally-based (maize/corn) Hopewells/Mississippian Iroquois Iroquois Confederacy
Native Map of North America
Europe Renaissance (rebirth) Growth of Nation-States (England, France, Spain, Portugal) Protestant Reformation and Religious Wars Counter-Reformation Lutheranism Calvinism Church of England
England Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior naval power Population increases Joint-stock companies develop Religious conflicts divide the nation Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions
European Colonization Columbus in 1492 spearheads European intervention into America Relations with natives Encomienda system and asiento system
Smallpox
Columbian Exchange
Treaty of Tordesillas
European Colonies
English Colonies Corporate Colony Proprietary Colony Royal Colony Charters Attempted with Roanoke in 1585 Jamestown, Virginia in 1607
Who is this?
Oh yeah…Pocahontas
Disney’s John Smith
Hollywood’s John Smith
This is John Smith.
Pilgrims Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth
Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower (II)
Look, a big rock.
Wampanoag Dwelling
Plymouth Colony
Pulpit/Religion
Thirteen Colonies
New England Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630) John Winthrop and “city upon a hill” Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams (1636) Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638) Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas Hooker (1636-1637) New Hampshire (1679)
New England Culture Massachusetts under strict Puritanical lifestyle Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693) Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode Island Halfway Covenant: attempt to increase members Education by mothers Towns with over 50 families required primary schools; 100, grammar schools
New England Politics Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) New England Confederation (1643-1648) King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676)
Middle Colonies New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664 to become New York Lands taken from New York to establish New Jersey by 1702 Develop wheat and corn farms and eventually into manufacturing and trade Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702) Education by private or churches
Pennsylvania William Penn establishes Quaker-based colony in Pennsylvania (1681) Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers Holy Experiment Religious refuge Liberal political ideals Economic success Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties
Southern Colonies Maryland (1632) Virginia (1609) Carolinas (1663) North Carolina (1729) South Carolina (1729) Georgia (1732) Limited education due to agricultural base
Virginia Becomes royal colony in 1624 Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Inequities between large landowners and western farmers Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley Headright System 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrant
Maryland Lord Baltimore establishes colony for Catholics Act of Toleration (1649) Toleration of all Christian sects Death to those who denied Jesus Religious civil war brought control to Protestants
Carolinas North Carolina South Carolina Tobacco plantations Well-established autonomy South Carolina Rice plantations Became heavily dependent on slavery
Georgia James Oglethorpe establishes in 1732 Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida Debtors colony
Colonial Religion Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration Domination by Protestants; little influence of Anglican Church; other sects and denominations viewed as bizarre The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s) Over time, economics became prominent over religious conviction Jonathan Edwards and “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” George Whitefield Development of evangelism and individual faith
Colonial Culture/Society Rural/Farmer Urban/Wealthy
Typical Colony Layout
Immigration 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775 Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish OLD IMMIGRANTS Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor
Slavery Indentured servitude Labor shortages lead to importing slaves Cheap labor Dependable work force Slave laws
Slave Demographics
Mercantilism and Triangle Trade Colonies for the Mother Country Acts of Navigation Trade on English ships Imports pass English ports Exports to England Triangular Trade Middle Passage
Colonial Economics Land was “gold” No established monetary system (gold and silver) Transportation Rivers and coasts Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal services New England Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, trading Middle Colonies Wheat and corn fields; manufacturing and trade Southern Colonies Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced labor