Ch 35- Rise of Nationalism Asia, Africa, Latin America

India

India’s Quest for Home Rule Pre- WWI - British construct trans-Indian railroad - lead to unification of Indian regions - promoted Indian unity/nationalism British Administration - educated elite Indians to help rule large country - elites became educated in western schools - exposed to enlightenment ideas

Indian National Congress est 1885 - first stressed working with British Post WWI inspired by: - self-determinism of 14 Points - Lenin’s unification of proletariat (laborers) - war scarcities blamed on British 1918- changed to demand independence from British British met with repressive/violent measures

Gandhi High-caste Indian lawyer Organized South African Indian community against segregation (apartheid) Developed philosophy of passive resistance - meeting violence with peaceful protest 1915- Headed National Congress in India - promotion of ending caste system gained popular support Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) - encouraged boycott of British goods - promote Indian self-sufficiency

India Act 1937 British compromise - allowed est of Indian legislature - supported by Gandhi Opposition - 600 Indian Princes wanted increased power Muslim opposition - 1906: est of Muslim League - called for separate Muslim state - feared suppression by majority Hindu population - economically controlled by Hindus

Chinese Revolution

Est of Republic Qing increasingly weak from foreign interference 1911 Revolution - last emperor forced to abdicate -1912- Republic established with president Instability - internal conflict by former Qing generals - generals became warlords over regions - foreigners allowed to intervene in politics

Chinese Nationalism Post WWI - expected west to support self-determinism/ elimination of treaties - instead Japan allowed more interference Communism - students rejected western capitalism - seen as cause for Chinese interference 1921- Communist party establish - est radical ideas: women’s equality, ending footbinding (finally!!), allowed divorce, ending arranged marriage

Nationalist vs Communist Parties Guaomindang (Nationalist People’s Party- NPP) - lead by Sun Yat-sen - stressed change through republic Chinese Communist Party (CCP) - change through rise of proletariat (peasants) Both received aide from Soviet Union “Northern Expedition”- NPP goal to unify China - 1925 Chiang Kai-shek takes over NPP - 1927 starts extreme anti-communist movement - 1928- takes over central Chinese government

Long March and Mao Zedong Communists increasingly targeted and killed by NPP 1933-1935: Escape 10,000km to SE China to est party base - 85,000 Communists/Red Army - march gained peasant support Mao Zedong - emerged as party leader - embraced Maoism (Chinese version of Soviet Communism) - focused on agricultural peasants, not urban workers - village power

Japanese Imperialism

During/Post WWI During: Economic gains - during war increased production for Allies - gained more power over Asia Post: Joined League of Nations as “big five” power - agreed to limit naval power - lessen presence in China - 1928 Kellog-Brand Pact: agreed to renounce war as instrument of national policy

Economic Depression 1918- output decreased - unemployment - labor unrest - inflation 1929- Great Depression - depended on foreign markets - increased unemployment -govt blamed for problems Public Unrest - demand increased suffrage, unionization, welfare - increased support of cultural nationalism - increased support of militarism

Invasion of Manchuria 1900- became sphere of influence over Manchuria - Japan maintained regional railroad - military base Manchuria Takeover 1932 - China weak because of NPP/Communist conflict - 1931 accuse China of attacking railroad - excuse to attack Manchuria - 1932- annex Manchuria NPP appeals to League of Nations - Japan leaves League - exposed weakness of League

African Nationalism

African Export Economy Primarily supplied raw materials to Europe 80% + farm land owned by white settlers Europeans imposed taxes to force Africans into cash-crop farming - Senegal- peanuts - Uganda- cotton - Congo- rubber Mining - South Africa- Diamonds, gold, copper - forced/conscripted labor unregulated by governments - relied on migratory labor - est culture of separated families

Africa and WWI Allies invaded German colonies - British wanted to destroy German ports - French wanted to recover lost colonies Germany successfully keeps control until after war African soldiers fought in Africa, Asia, and Europe - recruited by volunteering, conscription War lessened European presence in Africa - inspired increased uprisings

African Economics post WWI Europe required colonies to pay for infrastructure - built by Europeans - paid by African taxes - increased African debt Great Depression - decreased demand for African goods - especially S. African diamonds, copper, gold - Congo- Rubber

African Nationalism Disappointed war contributions did not allow greater autonomy Intro of Western values - African elites studied in US/Europe - Est and lead nationalist movements Types of Nationalism 1- Traditionalism: reassert distinctly African government, religion, culture 2- Pan-Africanism: build a unified African state based on race 3- Geographic: independence along existing colonial borders and government

Latin America

Social Unrest Continued political instability - failed republics - military dictatorships Social conflict - land held by wealthy minority - majority population landless peasants Economic Dependence - export-only country - agricultural products - US/Great Britain owned majority of business

Oppositional Parties Communism: Cuba and Peru - primarily university students - inspired by Russian Revolution/ Leninism; pro-peasant - anti-western capitalism - focus on economic independence Aspiristas (Peru) - non-communist - self determinism - indigenous rights

Dollar Diplomacy 1912- US president Taft asked for “substitute bullets with dollars” in Latin America -decreased military intervention Post WWI - US replaces most European investment in Latin America

Great Depression- Economic Changes Pre/during wwi - supplier for US/Britain - primarily agriculture Great Depression 1929 - foreign investments decreased - decreased agricultural prices - high unemployment Economic Isolationism - countries raised tariffs - restricted foreign trade - nationalized resources (Mexico-oil) - encouraged domestic manufacturing - especially iron and steel (Brazil)

Good Neighbor Policy- 1933 Policy of improving relationship between US and Latin America/Caribbean Nations - desire for less interference - improved reciprocal trade Weak USA - cannot support military in Latin America - trains native forces in police and military