New Global Patterns Section 1: Japan Modernizes Discontent in Tokugawa Japan Japan was isolated under the Tokugawa shoguns and peasants as well as daimyo suffered financially. By the 1800s, corruption and weakness led to the decline of the shogun. Japan Opens Up When the United States forced Japan to agree to trading rights and extraterritoriality, many Japanese criticized the shogun. In 1867, the shogun was replaced by 15-year-old emperor Mutsuhito, who then took the name Meiji. Meiji reformers who ruled in the emperor’s name set out to study Western ways in order to strengthen Japan. The Meiji Transformation The Meiji reformers adapted the German model of government. This gave the emperor absolute power, while also creating a constitution, a legislature, and limited voting rights. All men were subject to military service, not just the samurai. Businesses were encouraged to adopt Western methods. Japan Growing Military Strength As Japan’s industries grew, it needed more raw materials. Japan fought and defeated both China and Russia, winning control of Korea and parts of Manchuria. The Japanese ruled the Koreans harshly and tried to erase Korean culture and language.

New Global Patterns: Section 1

Section 2: Imperialism In Southeast Asia and the Pacific Europeans Colonize Southeast Asia In the 1800s, Westerners began to colonize much of Southeast Asia. The Dutch controlled the Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia. Britain annexed Burma in 1886 and established a port in Singapore. The French built an empire on the Southeast Asian mainland, and Portuguese traders set up in Vietnam. France later seized Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, which then composed French Indochina. By the 1890s, Europeans controlled most of Southeast Asia and expanded commerce and industry there. The United States and the Philippines Spain had seized the Philippines in the 1500s, The U.S. took control of the Philippines after winning the Spanish-American War. Filipino nationalists battled American forces but were put down. The U.S. did promise self-rule for the Philippines at some later time. Western Powers Seize the Pacific Islands Western powers also established control of many South Pacific islands. Samoa became a protectorate of the U.S., Germany, and Britain. The Hawaiian Islands was annexed by the U.S. in 1898. Britain, France, Germany and the U.S. had claimed nearly every Pacific island by 1900

Section 3: Self-Rule in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Canada Achieves Self-Rule Britain split Canada into two provinces in order to separate French-speaking lower Canada and English-speaking Upper Canada. Both provinces experienced rebellions and were then joined into one province with an elected legislature that determined some domestic policies. When Canada grew because of immigration, other colonies joined in to become the Dominion of Canada—a self-governing nation. The country expanded with the railroads and took away Native American lands. Europeans in Australia Aborigines settled Australia tens of thousands of years before Europeans arrived. Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain in 1770, and Britain first used it as a penal colony. Then free citizens were offered land and tools if they immigrated, and a gold rush in 1851 caused a population explosion. Aborigines were pushed aside or killed. Britain helped the colonies unite to become the independent Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. New Zealand’s Story James Cook also claimed New Zealand for Britain in 1769. The Maori people were already established there. Missionaries and white settlers soon came and took over the land for sheep and cattle ranches. Many Maori died in their struggles with the British settlers. In 1907, New Zealand gained its independence.

Section 4: Economic Imperialism in Latin America Lingering Political Problems The lives of most Latin Americans did not improve after independence. Racial prejudice remained and power and land were in the hands of an elite few. Power struggles between liberals and conservatives led to frequent revolts and a succession of dictatorial rulers. Mexico’s Struggle for Stability Large landowners, army leaders, and the Catholic Church dominated Independent Mexico’s politics. Texas gained independence from Mexico and eventually joined the U.S. Mexico also lost other territory to the U.S. In 1855, Benito Juárez opened an era of reform intended to help the oppressed called La Reforma. Although many reforms were never enacted, the efforts helped to unite Mexico and separate church and state. Under Porfirio Díaz, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the economy improved, mostly to the benefit of foreign investors and wealthy landowners. The peonage system tied workers to the land and indebted them to hacienda owners. The Economics of Dependence It was difficult for many Latin American countries to move from the mercantilist policies of their previous colonial rulers to economic independence. Foreign goods flooded their markets and foreign investors influenced their politics. Some economies, such as Chile’s and Argentina’s, expanded, but little of the wealth tricked down to the masses.

Section 4: Economic Imperialism in Latin America….continued The Influence of the United States The United States often interfered in Latin American affairs. To prevent Spain from encroaching on its former colonies in Latin America, President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, which declared that the Americas were not to be subject to colonization by European powers. In a war with Mexico, the U.S. acquired land that became parts of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. The U.S. joined Cuba in its war against Spain and, after winning the war, the U.S. gained the right to naval bases in Cuba. The Roosevelt Corollary of 1904, declared the U.S. intention to serve as a police power in the Western Hemisphere in order to protect American investments. The U.S. also backed Panamanian independence in order to gain the rights to a Panama Canal.