Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency 1801-1809

Objectives What are the causes and consequences of the election of 1800? What impact does Marbury v. Madison have on the US? How did the Louisiana Purchase impact Westward Expansion? What events lead to the War of 1812? Was the election of 1800 “America’s 2nd Revolution?”

The Beginning March 4, 1801 Thomas Jefferson is the first President inaugurated in the new capital city of Washington D.C. He delivers his first inaugural address. This address outlines what he feels are the essential principles of government.

First Inaugural Address Essential Principles of Government “equal and exact justice to all men” “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations” “the support of state governments” “the preservation of general government” punishment for those who choose to revolt compliance with the decisions of the majority

First Inaugural Address Essential Principles of Government Cont… “a well disciplined militia” honest payment of debts maintaining a sound economy proper distribution of information freedom of religion freedom of the press

Democratic-Republican Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr both tie with 73 votes. It goes to the House and Hamilton controls the outcome and chooses Jefferson! Why? He hates Burr more than Jefferson! Thomas Jefferson became our 3rd president The Democratic-Republicans took control of Congress The Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution Pres and VP run as a ticket "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists." (Appealing to both Parties) The pre-election atmosphere in 1800 was colored by the Alien and Sedition Acts controversy, which had created much ill feeling between the contending parties. The Jeffersonian Republicans triumphed. Since 1796, they had control of New York State thanks largely to Aaron Burr's political skills; he had wrested control of the legislature from Alexander Hamilton. The bad news, however, was that the two Democratic-Republican candidates, Jefferson and Burr, garnered the same number of electoral votes; according to the Constitution, the matter was to be resolved in the House of Representatives. (See Article II, Section 1, Clause 3.) The Election of 1800 Candidate Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Thomas Jefferson (VA) Democratic-Republican 73 * Aaron Burr (NY)< John Adams (MA) Federalist 65 C.C. Pinckney (SC) 64 John Jay (NY) 1 *Popular vote totals were not recorded until the Election of 1824. Thirty-six ballots were cast over five days to reach a decision. Once again Hamilton played a pivotal role, throwing his support to Jefferson, whom he disliked, rather than Burr, whom he truly hated. This election is sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800" because it marked the transition from the Federalists, the only party to have held the presidency to that point, to the Democratic-Republicans of Jefferson. It appeared that major changes were in the offing. The dilemma posed by two candidates receiving an equal number of electoral votes was later addressed in Amendment XII.

Election of 1800 Referred to as constituting “another revolution” the party in power (Federalist) stepped down after losing the election Changes made by Jefferson Size of the military reduced (Why?) Number of Federal employees increased Amount of national debt reduced Alien and Sedition Acts repealed (Why?) Lowered Government Expenses, Cut Taxes Increased the power of Agricultural in the South. Free Trade w/o Government Control Reduced the size of the National Bank (Why?)

Judiciary Act 1801 Increases the Number of Federal Judges to 16.

The Midnight Judges John Adams filled all open positions with Federalist Judges! Adams appoints one right before Jefferson takes office. (Why?) Hence the midnight judge. This causes some problems for the Supreme Court… Stay tuned!

Marbury Vs. Madison (1803) William Marbury – A Supreme court judge appointed by Adams on his last night of Office. Jefferson ordered the Secretary of state (James Madison) not to deliver the official papers to Marbury the next day. Marbury Sued Madison over this matter. What does the Supreme court do? Does Marbury win? Take a guess in your notes!

Marbury Vs. Madison Continued Supreme court rules against Marbury! Why? Jefferson was going to ignore the appointment & therefore ignore the supreme court. So…The Supreme Court protects their power keeping judicial review. Judicial Review- Gives the SC the power to decide which laws are Constitutional. Now Write in your own words!

Hamilton Vs. Burr Duel (1804) When two gentleman cannot settle an argument and ones honor is in question they use Pistols to settled it. Hamilton Supported Burr’s Opponent in the New York Governors race. Burr Challenges Hamilton and Kills him. Hamilton Never fires a shot. Burr is still upset that Hamilton outwardly support Jefferson for President. Hamilton never fires a shot because it was a tactic that is his opponent missed he would be able to take aim and get a good shot off. It didn’t work

Hamilton vs. Burr

Original Map can be found at: Barbary Wars May 1801 Pasha of Tripoli declares war with the United States because President Jefferson refused to make the immediate payment of $225,000 and the annual payment of $25,000. On the 20th Jefferson sent the first naval fleet to the area. The ships included the President, Philadelphia, Essex and Enterprise. Map of the Barbary Wars Original Map can be found at: http://www.mariner.org/usnavy/caption_pages/06a_BarbaryWars.htm

Original map can be found at: Barbary Wars In his first annual message, Jefferson addresses the Barbary Wars. He justifies his actions of sending a naval fleet to the Mediterranean. He also outlines the reasons the Pasha of Tripoli declared war with the United States. Map of Tripoli Original map can be found at: http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/libya/tripoli/tripoli.html

Barbary Wars 1803 – Jefferson faces much criticism for his decisions made regarding the war The Philadelphia runs aground in the Tripoli Harbor and it crew and captain are taken captive He is forced to make several command changes. 1801- Commodore Richard Dale 1802 – Commodore Richard Morris 1803 – Commodore Edward Preble Nautical Map of Tripoli Original map can be found at: http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/libya/tripoli/maps/roux_1764_pl_55.html

Barbary Wars Realizing that there was no way to recapture the Philadelphia, Commodore Preble devises a plan to destroy the ship February 4, 1804 the Philadelphia was destroyed. August 3, 1804 the first attack against Tripoli took place when the Constitution’s guns fired on the city. September 1804 – the final battle took place in the Tripoli Harbor September 1804 – Commodore Barron arrived with backup for Commodore Preble Commodore Barron, who is senior in rank to Preble, continued the blockade and started looking for a new way to peace Shortly after Commodore Barron arrive, Commodore Preble retired June 4, 1805 after the Pasha of Tripoli had been replaced, a treaty was made with the United States and the prisoners were released.

Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803 Robert Livingston & James Monroe signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris The United States paid $15 million for the land, roughly 4 cents per acre The purchase added 828,00 square miles of land west of the Mississippi to the United States July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is publicly announced Original treaty can be found at: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/louisiana_purchase_treaty.html

Maps of the Louisiana Purchase The original maps can be found at: http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/hstaa432/lesson_4/louisiana.html

Lewis and Clark Expedition January 18, 1803 Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific May 1804 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition Map of Lewis and Clark’s Route Original map can be found at: http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/maptrack_b.html

Lewis and Clark Expedition January 18, 1803 Jefferson sends a secret message to congress regarding the Lewis and Clark Expedition In this message Jefferson asks for permission to establish trading with the Indians The original message can be found at: http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=17

Second Inaugural Address Delivered on March 4, 1805 Stresses the importance of American neutrality in matters of foreign affairs Outlines the Louisiana Purchase and the processes by which the original inhabitants of the land will become citizens of the United States Stresses the importance of harmony amongst all inhabitants of America

Embargo Act of 1807 1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars between France and Great Britain America was once again trapped between the two nations Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed an embargo on all foreign trade This was highly unsuccessful and devastated the American Economy The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was put in place to repeal the unsuccessful Embargo Act