Earth’s Spheres & Branches of Earth Science

DSQ Daily Science Question 1. What is energy? 2. What is matter? Energy is the ability to do work Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

Label each layer of the atmosphere

Accessing Prior Knowledge ..\H.Illuminate_APK_Earth_Materials 2016.pdf

Group Activity 1. AS a group, you will receive one piece of chart paper. 2. You will be given 15 minutes to answer the following questions: A. What does the word cycle mean to you? B. List as many different cycles as you all can think of. C. Why do you think cycles would be part of energy and matter concepts?

Discussion Questions 1. What did all these cycles have in common? They all moved from one stage to another, some have beginnings and endings, usually occurring in a circle 2. Where in a life cycle is matter and energy involved? All organisms are made of matter and need matter and energy to live and grow.

I will be able to describe and identify the two types of systems. What is a System? Systems a group of interacting parts that work together to do a job or to form a whole. Open Systems Closed Systems

I will be able to describe and identify the two types of systems. What is a System? Systems Open System Matter and energy can flow into and out of the system. Example: Uncovered pan of boiling water.

I will be able to describe and identify the two types of systems. What is a System? Systems Closed System Matter cannot enter or leave, energy can. Example: Covered pan of boiling water.

What is the Earth’s System? I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it. What is the Earth’s System? Earth System A complex system made up of: 1. Matter Living Things Nonliving things. 2. Energy --Ability to do work

What is Energy? Energy is the ability to do work. two main sources of energy: 1. Heat from the sun 2. Heat flowing out of Earth as it cools.

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. What is Matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

What is an organism? Organism is any individual form of life that uses energy to carry out its activities.

Earth’s Spheres

Geosphere Sphere 1 Nearly all of Earth’s mass is found in this sphere I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth. Sphere 1 Geosphere Nearly all of Earth’s mass is found in this sphere mostly made of solid, rocky parts of the Earth.

What is a Rock? A rock is… Naturally occurring solid composed of minerals and sometimes other materials such as organic matter. 3 types of rocks 1) igneous 2) Sedimentary 3) Metamorphic

All these materials are made into small particles The Geosphere is made up of soil, rock & metal. All these materials are made into small particles I) Minerals must be 1. Naturally occurring, 2. inorganic 3. solids 4. Have crystal structures 5. Definite chemical compositions. Physical Properties of Minerals: -Color -Streak (color of powder) -Hardness (how easily a mineral can be scratched). -Luster (how it reflects light) -Crystal Shape

Geosphere layers Divided into 3 Layers 1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core a. Inner Core b. Outer Core

Inner Core The hottest part of Earth Made up solid metal (iron and nickel) It’s a solid because the pressure is very high, so it can’t spread to a liquid

Outer Core Iron & Nickel melt and turn into a liquid Create a magnetic field which protects us from the sun’s damaging solar wind.

Mantle Mantle Made up of a thick, solid, rocky substance that represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the Earth.

Mantle is divided into 3 layers Lithosphere The layer that includes the upper part of the mantle. Made up of hard, but easily broken rock

Mantle is divided into 3 layers Asthenosphere Material is hotter and has high pressures This part of the mantle, the rock can bend because it’s softer

Mantle is divided into 3 layers Mesoshere Lower part of the mantle Extends to the core Hottest layer of the mantle which extreme pressures

Crust Crust Thin outer layer where WE LIVE Made up of rocks—dry land and ocean floor

Brain Pop Earth’s Structure https://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/earthsstructure/

Hydrosphere Part of the Earth that is liquid water. I will be able to define and describe the four main spheres that make up the Earth. Hydrosphere Part of the Earth that is liquid water. 71% of Earth’s surface is the ocean. Lakes Rivers Marshes Rain Underground water Droplets in clouds.

What is the Earth’s Cryosphere? I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth. What is the Earth’s Cryosphere? Cryosphere Made up of all frozen water on Earth. Ice Sea Ice Glaciers Ice Shelves Ice Bergs Snow

I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth. Atmosphere Mostly made of invisible gases that surround the Earth. Contains the air we breathe. Earth’s weather happens here What is air made of? 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Trace Gases. Traps Heat Energy from the sun. Greenhouse effect, keeps the planet warm. 78% 21% 1%

5 Layers of the atmosphere I will be able to identify the Layers of the Atmosphere 5 Layers of the atmosphere 1. Troposhphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Thermosphere 5. Exosphere

Troposphere This is where we live. Weather happens here

Stratosphere This is where airplanes fly to avoid bad weather. Ozone layer Protects Earth from Sun’s radiation

Protects Earth from meteors Mesosphere Coldest Layer Protects Earth from meteors

Thermosphere The Aurora Borealis (northern & southern lights) are formed here. What are the northern and southern lights? *collisions between electrically charged particles from the sun that enter the earth's atmosphere.

Most satellites orbit in this layer Exosphere Most satellites orbit in this layer

Brain Pop Video on Earth’s Atmosphere https://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/earthsatmosphere/

I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth. Biosphere Made up of living things and their habitats (animals, plants, microbes, etc). Must Have: Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Liquid Water Moderate Temperatures Source of Energy Sun Plants and Algae (photosynthesis)

How do all these systems interact? System Interactions How do all these systems interact? Hurricanes (atmosphere), sweep across the ocean (hydrosphere), and onto the land (geosphere), damaging the dwellings of people (biosphere) who live along the coast.

How do Geologists learn about Earth’s interior? 2 main types of evidence: Direct evidence from rock samples Indirect evidence from seismic waves

How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact? I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it. How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact? Matter and Energy 1. By exchange of matter. Water Cycle Water evaporates into the atmosphere. Water condenses forming clouds. Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria release nitrogen into the soil from the atmosphere. Plants use nitrogen to grow.

How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact? I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it. How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact? 2. By exchange of energy Moves back and forth between spheres. Plants use solar energy to make food. Animals eat plants for energy. Solar Energy Drives winds and Weather

What is the Source of Earth’s Energy? I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it. What is the Source of Earth’s Energy? Earth’s Energy Most comes from the Sun. A tiny fraction Ocean Tides Geothermal Lava & Magma Remember ENERGY…. Moves or Changes form Not created or destroyed. Transferred between spheres

How is heat transferred? Heat is always moving from a warmer object to a colder object, this is called HEAT TRANSFER. (ex. The sun cooling the ground) The more heat, the faster the particles move

3 types of heat transfers 1) Radiation 2) Convection 3) Conduction

Radiation Is the transfer of energy that is carried in rays like light. Example: the sun transfers its light and heat to us

Convection and Conduction Convection is when heat is transferred by the movement of a fluid Conduction is when heat is transferred between materials that are touching (for example when you are walking barefoot on hot sand)