CLAIRE ELIZABETH WALLIS EX-FACULTY OF LANGUAGES CONDITIONALS CLAIRE ELIZABETH WALLIS EX-FACULTY OF LANGUAGES

CONDITIONALS WHAT YOU SHOULD REMEMBER!!!! HOW MANY CONDITIONALS ARE THERE IN ENGLISH? WHAT ARE THEY? HOW DO YOU MAKE THEM (GRAMMATICALLY)? WHY DO YOU USE THEM?

CONDITIONALS HOW MANY CONDITIONALS ARE THERE IN ENGLISH? 5 WHAT ARE THEY? ZERO, FIRST, SECOND, THIRD AND MIXED. HOW DO YOU MAKE THEM (GRAMMATICALLY)? WHY DO YOU USE THEM?

THE ZERO CONDITIONAL The Zero Conditional is used for Facts and Things which are always True. If + present, present If I watch T.V. for a long time, my eyes tend to bother me (ALWAYS TRUE) If you mix red and yellow, you get orange (FACT) What other word would be commonly used in this type of conditional except if?

THE ZERO CONDITIONAL The Zero Conditional is used for Facts and Things which are always True. If + present, present If I watch T.V. for a long time, my eyes tend to bother me. If you mix red and yellow, you get orange. What other word would be commonly used in this type of conditional except if? WHEN

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL We use the First Conditional to talk about Real Possibilities. If + present, future If I manage to pass my exam, I will be able to apply for the scholarship. If we get the tickets, by this time next week we will be lying on a beautiful beach. If he wears that offensive t.shirt again, he is going to get into so much trouble.

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL We use the First Conditional to talk about Real Possibilities. If + present, future If I manage to pass my exam, I will be able to apply for the scholarship. If we get the tickets, by this time next week we will be lying on a beautiful beach. If he wears that offensive t.shirt again, he is going to get into so much trouble. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN USE OTHER FUTURES APART FROM WILL (BE GOING TO, FUTURE CONTINUOUS, MAY, MIGHT ETC)

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL Instead of using the word if repeatedly, we could use a variety of other words and expressions: UNLESS (if not – be careful to avoid double negatives) AS SOON AS, AS LONG AS, ON CONDITION (THAT), WHEN, BEFORE, AFTER, PROVIDING (THAT), PROVIDED (THAT) REMEMBER: It is very important to follow these expressions with the PRESENT (Simple/Perfect).

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL We use the Second Conditional to talk about UNREAL/IMPOSSIBLE/HYPOTHETICAL Situations in the Present/Future. If + past, would + infinitive If I had the opportunity, I would grab it with both hands. If I were you, I would except his offer. If I were taking an exam this week, I would be studying not partying.

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL We use the Second Conditional to talk about UNREAL/IMPOSSIBLE/HYPOTHETICAL Situations in the Present/Future. If + past, would + infinitive If I had the opportunity, I would grab it with both hands. If I were you, I would except his offer. If I were taking an exam this week, I would be studying not partying. REMEMBER AGAIN, IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE OTHER FORMS APART FROM THE PAST SIMPLE OR WOULD + INFINITIVE

THE THIRD CONDITIONAL We use the third conditional to talk about UNREAL past. If + past perfect, would + have + past participle If I had studied harder, I would have passed my exams. If he had been living there in 1990, he would have met Sarah earlier. If I had been a member, I would have been sent the brochure.

THE THIRD CONDITIONAL We use the third conditional to talk about UNREAL past. If + past perfect, would + have + past participle If I had studied harder, I would have passed my exams. If he had been living there in 1990, he would have met Sarah earlier. If I had been a member, I would have been sent the brochure. AGAIN, YOU CAN USE MORE THAN JUST THE SIMPLE FORM.

THE MIXED CONDITIONAL We use the Mixed Conditional to talk about UNREAL Past and the UNREAL Present Consequences. If + past perfect (3°), would + infinitive (2°) If + past (2°), would + have + past participle (3°) If I hadn’t met my husband, I wouldn’t live in Sardinia now. If I were better at Maths, I would have studied Economics at University.

THE MIXED CONDITIONAL We use the Mixed Conditional to talk about UNREAL Past and the UNREAL Present Consequences. If I hadn’t met my husband (IN THE PAST), I wouldn’t live in Sardinia now (PRESENT) If I were better at Maths (GENERALLY), I would have studied Economics at University (IN THE PAST)

PRACTICE 1. You can use my pen when I ______ (finish) signing my documents. 2. If he ______ (wear) his seatbelt, he wouldn’t have been killed. 3. If I ______ (study) harder, I might have passed the exam. 4. If I ______ (not/ complain) , I wouldn’t have lost my job.

PRACTICE 1. You can use my pen when I finish/have finished signing my documents. 2. If he had been wearing his seatbelt, he wouldn’t have been killed. 3. If I had studied harder, I might have passed the exam. 4. If I hadn’t complained, I wouldn’t have lost my job.

PRACTICE 5. If I had been more careful while driving, I ______ (not/ lie) in bed with two broken legs. 6.“I wouldn’t have worn this tie if I _________________ (know) you didn’t like it” 7.“Can I talk to you after the lesson __________________ (finish)?”

PRACTICE 5. If I had been more careful while driving, I wouldn’t be lying in bed with two broken legs. 6.“I wouldn’t have worn this tie if I had known you didn’t like it” 7.“Can I talk to you after the lesson finishes/has finished?”

EXAM PRACTICE 1. If you _________ to me the other day, you ________ in this mess now. a. listened/ would be b. had listened/ wouldn’t have been c. listen/ won’t be d. had listened/ wouldn’t be

EXAM PRACTICE 1. If you _________ to me the other day, you ________ in this mess now. a. listened/ would be b. had listened/ wouldn’t have been c. listen/ won’t be d. had listened/ wouldn’t be

EXAM PRACTICE 2. If you _________ your homework when you were supposed to, you ________ out with your friends now. did/ could go b. had done/ would have gone c. had done/ would be able to go d. do/ would be going 3. If I _________ his trust, we ________ friends now. hadn’t betrayed/ would still be b. hadn’t betrayed/ would still have been c. didn’t betray/ would still be d. don’t betray/ would still be being

EXAM PRACTICE 2. If you _________ your homework when you were supposed to, you ________ out with your friends now. did/ could go b. had done/ would have gone c. had done/ would be able to go d. do/ would be going 3. If I _________ his trust, we ________ friends now. hadn’t betrayed/ would still be b. hadn’t betrayed/ would still have been c. didn’t betray/ would still be d. don’t betray/ would still be being

OTHER STRUCTURES What other possibilities apart from IF in the second conditional can we use? What other possibilities apart from IF in the third conditional can we use?

OTHER STRUCTURES What other possibilities apart from IF in the second conditional can we use? IMAGINE, SUPPOSE, SUPPOSING What other possibilities apart from IF in the third conditional can we use? BUT FOR

OTHER STRUCTURES If you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have passed the exam. But for your help, I wouldn’t have passed the exam. If he hadn’t been able to speak English, it would have been a disaster. But for his abilty to speak English, it would have been a disaster. BUT FOR + NOUN PHRASE, …

OTHER STRUCTURES If you need my help, do not hesitate to ask. If you should need my help, do not hesitate to ask. Should you need my help, do not hesitate to ask. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? If I pass my exam, I will celebrate by having a party. If I should pass my exam, I will celebrate by having a party. Should I pass my exam, I will celebrate by having a party.

OTHER STRUCTURES If you need my help, do not hesitate to ask. If you should need my help, do not hesitate to ask. Should you need my help, do not hesitate to ask. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? 1. If I pass my exam, I will celebrate by having a party. 2. If I should pass my exam, I will celebrate by having a party. 3. Should I pass my exam, I will celebrate by having a party. THEY GET MORE FORMAL AS THEY GO DOWN.

OTHER STRUCTURES If you need my help, do not hesitate to ask. If you should need my help, do not hesitate to ask. Should you need my help, do not hesitate to ask. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? 1. If I pass my exam, I will celebrate by having a party. 2. If I should pass my exam, I will celebrate by having a party. 3. Should I pass my exam, I will celebrate by having a party. THEY GET MORE FORMAL AS THEY GO DOWN. THE LAST ONE IS ALSO INVERSION.

OTHER STRUCTURES HOW DO WE MAKE INVERSION?

OTHER STRUCTURES HOW DO WE MAKE INVERSION? WE INVERT THE SUBJECT AND THE AUXILIARY/MODAL. If you need my help, do not hesitate to ask. If you should need my help, do not hesitate to ask. SHOULD you need my help, do not hesitate to ask. IN THE ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONAL WE USE SHOULD.

OTHER STRUCTURES If I won the lottery, I would travel (second) If I had studied Italian at university, I would have been fluent when I arrived (third) HOW DO YOU MAKE THE INVERSION?

OTHER STRUCTURES DOES THIS HELP YOU?????????? If I won the lottery, I would travel (second) If I were to win the lottery, I would travel. If I had studied Italian at university, I would have been fluent when I arrived (third) HOW DO YOU MAKE THE INVERSION? DOES THIS HELP YOU??????????

OTHER STRUCTURES If I won the lottery, I would travel (second) If I were to win the lottery, I would travel. WERE I TO WIN THE LOTTERY, I WOULD TRAVEL. WE USE WERE IN THE SECOND. If I had studied Italian at univeristy, I would have been fluent when I arrived (third) HAD I STUDIED ITALIAN AT UNIVERSITY, I WOULD HAVE BEEN FLUENT WHEN I ARRIVED. WE USE HAD IN THE THIRD AND MIXED.

COMPOSITION TITLES Tourism is generally considered a good thing due to the advantages and benefits it brings to the local community. However, do the advantages really outweigh the disadvantages? What do you think is the real reason why so many places have been damaged by tourism? Low-cost airlines have undoubtedly encouraged more people than ever to travel. However, it has arguably also lead to an increase in air pollution. Many people feel that an environment tax should be added to the cost of the flight to compensate for this increase, whilst others say it would dissuade people from travelling. Where do you stand on this issue?