The Process of Science Josh Kohut February 21, 2016 New Orleans, LA

Arctic Summer Sea Ice Extent Source: NASA

-0.2 0.2 Temperature trends per year

First Field Season Results Tracking penguins from Humble Island Where did the Adélie penguins go?

Tidal Dependence on Penguin Foraging Behavior? Diurnal One high and one low tide per day Water Level – Palmer Station Diurnal Semi-Diurnal Two high and two low tides per day Semi-Diurnal

Hypotheses H1. Convergence zones in the surface waters within 50 km of the coast shift location between the diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal regime. H2. These convergence zones concentrate phytoplankton and aggregate schools of krill and subsequently influence the behavior of top predator species between tidal regimes. Please add here what question you hope to answer from your content area/data source that you are presenting on or just presented.

The Team … and more! Physics Phytoplankton (Plants) Krill (food) Penguins (Top Predator) … and more!

Kristin Harold Janice Kate Sage Carrie Katie Chris Hugh Charles So who are we all on the Education Team? Rutgers – Janice, Sage, Carrie, and myself LSC – Kate, Katie, Harold Chris – photographer Cornell – Hugh (writer), and Charles Chris Hugh Charles

22teachers ~1,200 Students

Punta Arenas, Chile RVIB Laurence M. Gould Palmer Station

Palmer Station Anvers Island, Antarctica

Technology to be deployed: Our adaptive Approach HF Radar (Physics – Surface / Time) Mooring (Physics – Vertical / Time) Gliders (Physics and Primary Producers) Small Boat Surveys (Physics, Primary Producers and Krill) Animal Tagging (Adelie Penguins)

Surface Currents February 2, 2015 16:00 GMT Velocity (cm/s) 30 25 20 10 5 Velocity (cm/s)

Surface Currents February 2, 2015 16:00 GMT Velocity (cm/s) 30 25 20 10 5 Velocity (cm/s)

Occurrence of Convergent Fronts (Percent) More 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Less Semi-Diurnal Diurnal Two high and two low tides per day One high and one low tide per day

Occurrence of Convergent Fronts (Percent) More 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Less Semi-Diurnal Diurnal Two high and two low tides per day One high and one low tide per day

Occurrence of Convergent Fronts (Percent) More 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Less Semi-Diurnal Diurnal Two high and two low tides per day One high and one low tide per day

Raising New Hypotheses Antarctic Krill Saba et. al. 2014 H1. Interannual shifts in the location, duration, and intensity of concentrating features will be matched in space and time by the distributions of key food web components, phytoplankton, krill and Adélie penguins.   H2. Penguin foraging distributions will be more closely coupled to ocean fronts during years with lower krill abundances than during years with higher krill abundances within a 5-year cycle initiated with a krill recruitment event.