ODOT’s Seismic Policy One Year Later Sean Meddles, P.E. Assistant Administrator Office of Structural Engineering November 15, 2017

Session Outline New Bridges Existing Bridges Ductility Requirements Pier Crossframes Horizontal Connection Force Structural Analysis Existing Bridges BDM Section 301.4.4.2 – “Seismic vulnerability of a structure shall be considered for rehabilitation projects requiring complete deck or superstructure replacements” Seat Width Column Ductility FHWA – “Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 1 – Bridges” ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges Column Ductility – Spiral Pitch [LRFD 5.7.4.6] [BDM S5.7.4.6] Typical 3-ft Diameter Column: #5 spiral @ p = 3” [BDM S5.7.4.6] ρs = 0.0135 [LRFD 5.7.4.6] = 0.0132 ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges Column Ductility – Tie Spacing (Circular Column) 𝝆 𝒔 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆 = 𝟒 𝑨 𝒔 𝒅 𝒄 𝒑 Typical 3-ft Diameter Column: #5 Tie @ p = 3” ρs = 0.0138 [LRFD 5.7.4.6] = 0.0132 ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges Column Ductility – Tie Spacing (Rect. Column) 𝝆 𝒔 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑹𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆 = 𝟐 𝒂+𝒃 𝑨 𝒔 𝒂 𝒃 𝒑 Typical 3-ft Square Column: #5 Tie @ p = 3” ρs = 0.0138 [LRFD 5.7.4.6] = 0.0132 ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges Column Ductility Plastic Hinge Regions High Zone 1: (0.15 ≥ SD1 ≥ 0.10) LRFD: 5.10.11.4.1d 5.10.11.4.1e 5.10.11.4.3 ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges Column Ductility – Plastic Hinge Regions ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges High Zone 1 BDM Fig. 301.4.4.1-1 Site Class D, E & F ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges Pier Crossframes Provide a direct load path from bearings to deck where transverse restraint exists Guided & Fixed Elastomeric Bearings Guided & Fixed Multi-Rotational Bearings Rockers, Bolsters, Fixed Pin & Sliding Bronze Plate Bearings Design Frames for Strength & Service Loading ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges Pier Crossframes Low Skew High Skew ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges Horizontal Connection Force LRFD 3.10.9.2 As < 0.05  0.15 (Tributary Dead Load) As ≥ 0.05  0.25 (Tributary Dead Load) Tributary = Area contributing Dead Load to the connection Extreme Event I Load Combination Live Load: ϒEQ = 0.0 ODOT's Seismic Update

New Bridges Structural Analysis Not Req’d in Zone 1 Zone 2 analysis could be used to determine seismic design where Zone 1 Connection Force is considered too excessive LRFD 4.7.4.1 & 4.7.4.3 ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Abutment Seat Width BDM Fig. 301.4.4.1.a-1 Overlap between superstructure & bearing seat Measured Normal to Abutment centerline Assume maximum thermal contraction ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Abutment Seat Width - Retrofit ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Seated Hinge Seat Width ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Seated Hinge Seat Width ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Restrainers Shall be designed to resist Horizontal Connection Force Permit Expansion/Contraction/Flexure movement Prohibit excessive movement during seismic event ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridge Limited Travel Multi-Rotational Bearing ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Ductility vs. Restraint For substructure units where superstructure Restraint exists, substructure Ductility shall be provided. ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Removing Restraint Non-seismic loads applied to superstructure (e.g. Wind on Structure) need to be transferred to substructure Typically occurs at fixed or guided bearings Can This Fixity Be Relocated? “Friction is not considered a positive connection” – LRFD C3.10.9.2 ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Removing Restraint Exp. Exp. Replace bearings with exp. Elastomeric Convert to Semi-Integral Abutment ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Moving Restraint Fix. Exp. Exp. Exp. Replace Fixed bearings with Exp. Elastomeric Move Fixity to either abutment Design Joints for revised movement ranges ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Keep Restraint Exp. Exp. Fix. Exp. All bearing types remain same Improve Ductility of Fixed Pier ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Ductility for Wall & T-Type Piers ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Ductility for Wall & T-Type Piers ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges FRP Wrap PN 519 Pays for wrap and surface prep for wrap. Does not pay for concrete repairs!!! Engineering performed by Contractor/Supplier Uses products listed by International Code Council (ICCES) BDM 301.4.4.2.b Specify FRP wrap from top of footing to bottom of cap SD1 < 0.10: Specify Min. Confining Stress = 0.150 ksi SD1 ≥ 0.10: Specify Min. Confining Stress = 0.300 ksi in Plastic Hinge Regions per LRFD 5.10.11.4.1e Dewatering required until product fully cures Specify disposition of all attached appurtenances ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges FRP Wrap ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Other Ductility Options Concrete Jacket with Threaded Couplers ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Other Ductility Options Steel Jacketing ODOT's Seismic Update

Existing Bridges Other Ductility Options External Prestressing Utilizes special anchorages originally designed for prestressed water tanks. 0.6” diameter strand ODOT's Seismic Update

Questions? ODOT's Seismic Update BDM 301.4.4.1.b states “The tributary permanent load defined in LRFD 3.10.9.2 represents the factored dead load of the superstructure…” The referenced section of AASHTO does not specifically indicate the tributary dead load should be a factored dead load, and the factored dead load appears to be very conservative. Why has ODOT decided to use a factored tributary dead load? The connections shall be designed at the Extreme Event I Limit State which using factored loads. BDM 301.4.4.1.b does define ϒEQ as 0.0. Is that factored tributary dead load supposed to include the future wearing surface? Yes include Future Wearing Surface in the determination of factored tributary load. The idea is to design the connection force for the tributary load in place at the time of the seismic event. Without knowing when this will occur, defer a time when the FWS will be in-place. Site Class requirements and using historic borings: Certainly, if information is available from a previous subsurface investigation, then that information can be used to determine the Site Class. It is not ODOT’s goal to require new subsurface investigations for rehabilitation projects. As a default per BDM 301.4.4.2, Designers may assume As > 0.05 which correlates to a 0.25 connection force factor and SD1 < 0.10 which correlates to the lesser column ductility requirements. ODOT's Seismic Update

MASH What Does It All Mean? Sean Meddles, P.E. Assistant Administrator Office of Structural Engineering November 15, 2017

Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware Purpose: To present uniform guidelines for the crash testing of both permanent and temporary highway safety features and recommend evaluation criteria to assess test results. An AASHTO publication provides a platform to update for vehicle fleet. As an NCHRP report, new research would need to be sponsored to issue updates. MASH – What Does It All Mean?

Safety Features Tested to MASH Longitudinal Barriers – flexible/rigid & transitions Terminals Crash Cushions Support Structures – breakaway signs, traffic control devices & utility poles Work Zone Attenuation & Channelizers – TMA’s Traffic Gates Drainage Features ODOT's Seismic Update

MASH – What Does It All Mean? MASH Test Levels Test Level Test Vehicle MASH Test Conditions NCHRP 350 Test Conditions Δ Impact Severity (%) Speed (mph) Angle (degrees) 1 Passenger Car Pickup Truck 31 25 20 166% 114% 2 44 3 62 4 Single-Unit Truck 56 15 50 141% 5 Tractor-Van Trailer 100% 6 Tractor-Tank Trailer MASH – What Does It All Mean?

Small sedan weighing 2420-lb MASH Passenger Car Small sedan weighing 2420-lb (previously 1540-lb) MASH – What Does It All Mean?

2-wheel-drive pickup with 4 full-size doors MASH Pickup Truck 2-wheel-drive pickup with 4 full-size doors GVW = 5,000-lb (Previously 4400-lb) MASH – What Does It All Mean?

MASH – What Does It All Mean? MASH Single Unit Truck GVW = 22,000-lb MASH – What Does It All Mean?

MASH Tractor-Van Trailer GVW = 80,000-lb MASH – What Does It All Mean?

MASH Tractor-Tank Trailer GVW = 80,000-lb MASH – What Does It All Mean?

FHWA/AASHTO Implementation Agreement Dated January 7, 2016 FHWA will continue issuing eligibility letters for hardware tested to MASH but not NCHRP 350 Agencies urged to replace hardware not tested to NCHRP Report 350 or later Agencies urged to upgrade existing hardware to MASH when damaged beyond repair MASH – What Does It All Mean?

FHWA/AASHTO Implementation Agreement Dates Only MASH hardware shall be used for contracts on the NHS with letting dates after: December 31, 2017: w-beam and concrete barriers June 30, 2018: w-beam terminals December 31, 2018: cable barriers & terminals December 31, 2019: bridge railing & all other longitudinal barrier including portable barrier NCHRP 350 PCB manufactured before 12/31/2019 may continue to be used throughout its normal service life. MASH – What Does It All Mean?

MASH – What Does It All Mean? FHWA Open Letter May 26, 2017 To qualify for an FHWA Federal-aid eligibility letter, all roadside hardware devices must complete the full suite of recommended tests as described in AASHTO MASH. FHWA will no longer provide eligibility letters for modifications to MASH accepted hardware. FHWA will not “grand-father” NCHRP Report 350 eligible hardware. Modifications to proprietary system will need to be addressed at the state and local levels. Creates the need for “State Certification” of hardware. MASH – What Does It All Mean?

MASH – What Does It All Mean? “Self Certification” States assume responsibility for determining railing eligibility for Federal-aid in FHWA’s absence No FHWA guidance for determining eligibility 50 different opinions - one State’s certification does not provide certification for all states No central clearing house MASH – What Does It All Mean?

MASH – What Does It All Mean? ODOT Bridge Railing 36” BR-1-13 42” BR-1-13 BR-2-15 DBR-2-73 DBR-3-11 PCB-91 SBR-1-13 SBR-2-13 TBR-91 TST-1-99 MGS-2.3 MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing 36” Concrete NJ Shape Barrier Has not been crash tested to MASH ODOT not interested in crash testing or self-certification Alternative: 36” Single Slope has been crash tested to MASH TL-4 MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing 42” Concrete NJ Shape Barrier Has not been crash tested to MASH ODOT not interested in crash testing or self-certification Alternative: 42” Single Slope MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing Concrete Sidewalk Barrier Has not been crash tested to MASH ODOT not interested in crash testing ODOT considering self-certification Alternative: Some states are considering all metal systems for crash testing MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing DBR-2-73 & DBR-3-11 Have not been crash tested to MASH ODOT not interested in crash testing or self-certification Alternative: New ODOT side-mounted railing MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing PCB-91 Has not been crash tested to MASH ODOT not interested in crash testing or self-certification Alternative: ODOT approved proprietary portable barrier (i.e. Zoneguard) or new PCB design from others MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing 42” Concrete Single Slope Barrier Has not been crash tested to MASH Evaluated by Texas DOT/TTI Self-certified by Texas as TL-5 ODOT will wait for testing by others or self-certify based on TxDOT/TTI evaluation MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing 57” Reinforced Single Slope Median Barrier Has not been crash tested to MASH 42” Evaluated and self-certified by Texas as TL-5 ODOT will wait for testing by others or self-certify based on TxDOT/TTI evaluation MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing 57” Un-Reinforced Single Slope Median Barrier Has not been crash tested to MASH ODOT currently scheduled to test with MASH TL-3 pickup truck ODOT will self-certify to TL-3 based on results MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing TBR-91 Has not been crash tested to MASH ODOT not interested in crash testing or self-certification Alternative: 36” or 42” Single slope concrete barrier MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing TST-1-99 Has not been crash tested to MASH ODOT not interested in crash testing or self-certification Alternative: New ODOT side-mounted railing MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing New ODOT Side-Mounted Railing Scheduled to be crash tested to MASH TL-4 Expect FHWA acceptance letter MASH – What Does It All Mean?

ODOT Bridge Railing Long Span Guardrail FHWA accepted to MASH TL-3 (B-189) ODOT SCD MGS-2.3 Max Span = 25-ft c/c posts MASH – What Does It All Mean?

MASH – What Does It All Mean? NHS vs. Non-NHS ODOT is considering different standards for the two systems: NHS  MASH accepted hardware Non-NHS  MASH or NCHRP Report 350 accepted hardware Allows the use of DBR-3-11 upgrade for existing DBR on rehab projects. Benefits local projects MASH – What Does It All Mean?

Existing Barrier Systems If the existing railing system was crash-tested design, no upgrade is required until deck is replaced. Example: 36” BR-1 does not need to be replaced with a rigid overlay project, but will be upgraded to SBR-1-15 on new deck If the existing railing system was not crash tested design, upgrade with rigid overlay or deck replacement Example: AR-1-57 railing shall be upgraded to SBR-1-15 with a rigid overlay project MASH – What Does It All Mean?

MASH – What Does It All Mean? Questions? MASH – What Does It All Mean?