American Experiments Chapter 2 (1521-1700)

Chattel Slavery Virginia & Maryland (Chesapeake) - 1660’s Legally defined chattel slavery Status of slave child based on the MOTHER. Ran contradictory to English law

Geographic/environmental problems?? Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??

Spain’s Tribute Colonies A New American World Encomienda System- Spanish conquistadors received land from the crown Based almost entirely on Indian slave labor Very Harsh, yet profitable Spanish Social Classes Mestizos, Mulattos, and Zambos emerged. (mixed racial groups) Many Spanish priests sought to convert Indians

Spain’s Tribute Colonies The Columbian Exchange Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas New crops introduced to Europe- potato, maize Horse had large impact on Indian life In some areas, 90% of Indian population decreased

The Fall of Spain’s Tribute Colonies The Protestant Challenge to Spain England began to build up a navy Mercantilism- purpose was to benefit the Mother Country (England) by exporting more goods than importing.

Plantation Colonies England’s Tobacco Colonies Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of increased demand for sugar & tobacco. Brazil’s Sugar Plantations; Very hard work, milling done on site As the Indian population declined, African slave labor was introduced England’s Tobacco Colonies Jamestown (1607) Joint Stock Company (investors shared in profits and losses of colony) Originally came looking for gold but eventually tobacco became the cash crop, Exhausted the land, began to encroach on Indian land House of Burgesses- 1st Representative gov.

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Jamestown Fort & Settlement (Computer Generated)

Plantation Colonies Indian War 1/3 of Jamestown's population was killed by Indian attacks. English retaliated Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624- colonists had to pay taxes to support the Church of England

Plantation Colonies Cont The Caribbean Islands Like Brazil, these focused on sugar production Plantation Life: Plantation’s grew in part, due to the Headright System: Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an immigrant passage- benefited the rich. Indenture Contract: Popular in Chesapeake 5-7 years., Promised “freedom dues” [land] Forbidden to marry. ½ die before they became free

Indentured Servitude Headright System Indentured Contract, 1746

Plantation Colonies Cont. African Laborers: Used more heavily in the Caribbean (Sugar) Used more in Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion and it was cheaper than indentured servants. Strict laws develop that promote racism and regulated behavior of blacks

The Settlement of Maryland A royal charter was granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632. A proprietary colony created in 1634. A healthier location than Jamestown. Tobacco would be the main crop. His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship. Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

Colonization of Maryland

A Haven for Catholics Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants. High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics. Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 Supported by the Catholics in MD. Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS. Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.]. In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!

A Haven for Catholics Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land. Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area. Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers. Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17c. In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.

MD Toleration Act, 1649

Currency in Early Maryland

St Mary’s City (1634)

New European Colonies New France New Netherland Expanded into N.American interior-Canada Quebec was established as a trading post (fur) New Netherland New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony but engaged in significant commerce Like the French, the Dutch traded furs

New European Colonies The rise of the Iroquois Central & Western NY Traded weapons and goods w/ the Dutch & French Remained a strong force in NY

New European Colonies Cont. New England The Pilgrims Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of England Plymouth climate was better than Chesapeake Representative self- government was established

New European Colonies Cont. The Puritans wanted to Purify the English Church, Not Separate from it. John Winthrop & Massachusetts “City Upon a Hill” Church members had tremendous power- only ones that could vote Not Religiously tolerant

New European Colonies Cont. Roger Williams & Rhode Island Advocated separation of church & State, Religious toleration, and friendly relations w/ Indians Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop No legally established church in RI Anne Hutchison Seen as a major threat to Puritans Challenged gender roles in Church Claimed to have direct revelations w/ God Banished from Mass. Bay Colony

New European Colonies Cont. Puritans & Witchcraft Hysteria throughout MA in late 17th Cent. Accused tended to be wealthy, widowed, and middle-aged Reflected religious and social tensions Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan Society After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft declined Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the Enlightenment

Instability, War, & Rebellion New England’s Indian Wars: Puritan-Pequot War Pequots were allied w/ the Dutch, hated English Settlers 500 men, women, and children were massacred by Indians, English retaliated and gained land Death from disease and poor treatment of Indians was justified has God’s will (Winthrop) Metacom’s War 1675-1676 Metacom (King Philip) was the leader of the Wampanoags. Metacom was killed, and Natives were rarely a threat in New England after.

Portrayal of Native Americans

Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians. Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area. Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements. Nathaniel Bacon Governor William Berkeley

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Bacon’s Rebellion Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites. Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown. They burned the capital. Rebels went on a rampage of plundering. Bacon suddenly died of fever. Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

Governor Berkeley’s “Fault Line”

Results of Bacon’s Rebellion It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history. Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel  BLACK SLAVES!!

The Atlantic Slave Trade

The Recap Columbian Exchange Spanish Explorers Encomienda System Maryland and the Catholics Winthrop, Hutchison, & Williams Puritan’s Witch hunt Metacoms War Bacon’s Rebellion