The Breathalyser Reaction

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The Breathalyser Reaction C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ Ethanol Orange Acetic Acid Green If the orange colour decreases there is alcohol present. It is measured with a spectrophotometer. The more it decreases, the higher the blood alcohol content. Legal Limit Class 5 Licence 0.08 mg/mL Legal Limit New Driver 0.00 mg/mL Substance Oxidized Substance Reduced Reducing Agent Oxidizing Agent

The Breathalyser Reaction Look at the oxidation numbers! -0.5 +6 0 +3 C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ Ethanol Orange Acetic Acid Green If the orange colour decreases there is alcohol present. It is measured with a spectrophotometer. The more it decreases, the higher the blood alcohol content. Legal Limit Class 5 Licence 0.08 mg/mL Legal Limit New Driver 0.00 mg/mL Substance Oxidized Substance Reduced Reducing Agent Oxidizing Agent

The Breathalyser Reaction Look at the oxidation numbers! -0.5 +6 0 +3 C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ Ethanol Orange Acetic Acid Green If the orange colour decreases there is alcohol present. It is measured with a spectrophotometer. The more it decreases, the higher the blood alcohol content. Legal Limit Class 5 Licence 0.08 mg/mL Legal Limit New Driver 0.00 mg/mL Substance Oxidized C2H2OH Substance Reduced Reducing Agent Oxidizing Agent

The Breathalyser Reaction Look at the oxidation numbers! -0.5 +6 0 +3 C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ Ethanol Orange Acetic Acid Green If the orange colour decreases there is alcohol present. It is measured with a spectrophotometer. The more it decreases, the higher the blood alcohol content. Legal Limit Class 5 Licence 0.08 mg/mL Legal Limit New Driver 0.00 mg/mL Substance Oxidized C2H2OH Substance Reduced Reducing Agent C2H2OH Oxidizing Agent

The Breathalyser Reaction Look at the oxidation numbers! -0.5 +6 0 +3 C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ Ethanol Orange Acetic Acid Green If the orange colour decreases there is alcohol present. It is measured with a spectrophotometer. The more it decreases, the higher the blood alcohol content. Legal Limit Class 5 Licence 0.08 mg/mL Legal Limit New Driver 0.00 mg/mL Substance Oxidized C2H2OH Substance Reduced Cr2O72- Reducing Agent C2H2OH Oxidizing Agent

The Breathalyser Reaction Look at the oxidation numbers! -0.5 +6 0 +3 C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ Ethanol Orange Acetic Acid Green If the orange colour decreases there is alcohol present. It is measured with a spectrophotometer. The more it decreases, the higher the blood alcohol content. Legal Limit Class 5 Licence 0.08 mg/mL Legal Limit New Driver 0.00 mg/mL Substance Oxidized C2H2OH Substance Reduced Cr2O72- Reducing Agent C2H2OH Oxidizing Agent Cr2O72-

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ Cr2O72- → Cr3+ C2H2OH → CH3COOH

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ Cr2O72- → 2Cr3+ C2H2OH → CH3COOH

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ Cr2O72- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O C2H2OH + H2O → CH3COOH

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ 14H+ + Cr2O72- + → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O C2H2OH + H2O → CH3COOH + H+

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O C2H2OH + H2O → CH3COOH + H+ + 1e-

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 6(C2H2OH + H2O → CH3COOH+ H+ + 1e-)

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 6(C2H2OH + H2O → CH3COOH+ H+ + 1e-) 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH + 6H2O → 2Cr3++7H2O+6CH3COOH+6H+

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 6(C2H2OH + H2O → CH3COOH+ H+ + 1e-) 8 1 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH + 6H2O → 2Cr3++7H2O+6CH3COOH+6H+

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 6(C2H2OH + H2O → CH3COOH+ H+ + 1e-) 8H+ + Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH → 2Cr3+ + 1H2O + 6CH3COOH

Balance in acid solution C2H2OH + Cr2O72- → CH3COOH + Cr3+ 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 6(C2H2OH + H2O → CH3COOH+ H+ + 1e-) 8H+ + Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH → 2Cr3+ + 1H2O + 6CH3COOH +6 +6

Balance in base solution 8H+ + Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH → 2Cr3+ + 1H2O + 6CH3COOH

Balance in base solution 8H+ + Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH → 2Cr3+ + 1H2O + 6CH3COOH 8OH- 8OH-

Balance in base solution 8H+ + Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH → 2Cr3+ + 1H2O + 6CH3COOH 8OH- 8H2O 8OH-

Balance in base solution 8H+ + Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH → 2Cr3+ + 1H2O + 6CH3COOH 8OH- 8H2O 8OH-

Balance in base solution Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH → 2Cr3 + 1H2O + 6CH3COOH + 8OH- 7 8H2O

Balance in base solution 7H2O + Cr2O72- + 6C2H2OH → 2Cr3+ + 6CH3COOH + 8OH-

Review of Cells Electrochemical Electrolytic Is a power supply Requires power supply Spontaneous (+ ve) Nonspontaneous(-ve) Makes electricity Makes chemicals Reduction is highest on Chart Reduction is the –ve

For all cells: Cations migrate to the cathode, which is the site of reduction. Anions migrate to the anode, which is the site of oxidation. Electrons travel through the wire from anode to cathode.

Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Complete the Chart Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Anode: Reaction: Cathode: Reaction: E0 =

Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Complete the Chart Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Anode: Zn Reaction: Cathode: Cu Reaction: E0 = Higher on reduction Chart

Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Complete the Chart Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Anode: Zn Reaction: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- 0.76 v Cathode: Cu Reaction: E0 = Higher on reduction Chart

Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Complete the Chart Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Anode: Zn Reaction: Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e- 0.76 v Cathode: Cu Reaction: Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu(s) 0.34 v E0 = Higher on reduction Chart

Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Complete the Chart Electrochemical Cell: Zn, Zn(NO3)2 II Cu, CuSO4 Anode: Zn Reaction: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- 0.76 v Cathode: Cu Reaction: Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu(s) 0.34 v E0 = 1.10 v Higher on reduction Chart

Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Anode: Reaction: Cathode: Reaction: Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Anode: Reaction: Cathode: Reaction:

Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Al3+ Cl- Anode: C Reaction: Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Al3+ Cl- Anode: C Reaction: Cathode: C Reaction:

Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Al3+ Cl- Anode: C Reaction: Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Al3+ Cl- Anode: C Reaction: Cathode: C Reaction: Put the vowels together: Anode Anion Oxidation

Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Al3+ Cl- Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Al3+ Cl- Anode: C Reaction: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- -1.36 v Cathode: C Reaction: Put the vowels together: Anode Anion Oxidation Oxidation of Anion

Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Anode: C Reaction: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- -1.36 v Cathode: C Reaction: Put the consonants together: Cathode Cation Reduction

Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Anode: C Reaction: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- -1.36 v Cathode: C Reaction: Al3+ + 3e- → Al -1.66 v Put the consonants together: Cathode Cation Reduction Reduction of Cation

Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Anode: C Reaction: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- -1.36 v Cathode: C Reaction: Al3+ + 3e- → Al -1.66 v E0 = -3.02 v

Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Electrolytic Cell: Molten AlCl3 Anode: C Reaction: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- -1.36 v Cathode: C Reaction: Al3+ + 3e- → Al -1.66 v E0 = -3.02 v MTV = +3.02 v

Electrolytic Cell: KBr(aq) Anode: Cathode:

Electrolytic Cell: KBr(aq) K+ Br- H2O Anode: C Cathode: C

Anode Anion or water Oxidation Anode: C Cathode: C Electrolytic Cell: KBr(aq) K+ Br- H2O Anode: C Cathode: C Put the vowels together: Anode Anion or water Oxidation

Oxidation of Anion or Water Take Lower one! Electrolytic Cell: KBr(aq) Anode: C 2Br- → Br2 + 2e- -1.09 v Cathode: C Oxidation of Anion or Water Take Lower one!

Put the consonants together: Cathode Cation or water Reduction Electrolytic Cell: KBr(aq) Anode: C 2Br- → Br2 + 2e- -1.09 v Cathode: C Put the consonants together: Cathode Cation or water Reduction Oxidation of Anion or Water Take Lower one!

Put the consonants together: Cathode Cation or water Reduction Electrolytic Cell: KBr(aq) Anode: C 2Br- → Br2 + 2e- -1.09 v Cathode: C 2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH- -0.41 v Put the consonants together: Cathode Cation or water Reduction Oxidation of Anion or Water Take Lower one! Reduction of Cation or Water Take Higher one!

E0 = -1.50 v Oxidation of Anion or Water Take Lower one! Electrolytic Cell: KBr(aq) Anode: C 2Br- → Br2 + 2e- -1.09 v Cathode: C 2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH- -0.41 v E0 = -1.50 v Oxidation of Anion or Water Take Lower one! Reduction of Cation or Water Take Higher one!

E0 = -1.50 v MTV = +1.50 v Oxidation of Anion or Water Take Lower one! Electrolytic Cell: KBr(aq) Anode: C 2Br- → Br2 + 2e- -1.09 v Cathode: C 2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH- -0.41 v E0 = -1.50 v MTV = +1.50 v Oxidation of Anion or Water Take Lower one! Reduction of Cation or Water Take Higher one!

Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 Cathode: Anode:

Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Cathode: Ag Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Cathode: Ag Anode:

Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Cathode: Ag Ag+ + e- → Ag(s) +0.80 v Anode:

Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Cathode: Ag Ag+ + e- → Ag(s) +0.80 v Anode: Sn

Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Cathode: Ag Ag+ + e- → Ag(s) +0.80 v Anode: Sn Sn → Sn2+ + 2e- +0.14 v

Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Electrochemical Cell: Ag, AgNO3 II Sn, Sn(NO3)2 *higher Cathode: Ag 2(Ag+ + e- → Ag(s)) +0.80 v Anode: Sn Sn → Sn2+ + 2e- +0.14 v 2Ag+ + Sn → Sn2+ + 2Ag(s) E0 = 0.94 v