Gross anatomy and movements of vertebral column. Muscles of the back Gross anatomy and movements of vertebral column. Muscles of the back. Chest cavity, diapragm, respiratory movements dr. Petra Balogh MD Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology Semmelweis University 2013

Gross anatomy and movements of vertebral column 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1-3 coccygeal vertebrae Functions: Protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves Support body weight Forms rigid and flexible axis for body Posture and locomotion

Curvatures of the vertebral column Cervical lordosis Thoracic kyphosis Lumbar lordosis Sacral kyphosis Pathological cases

The general structure of a vertebra

Cervical vertebrae (C₃-C₇)

Cervical vertebrae (C₁-C₂)

Thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae and sacrum

The morphology of vertebrae Shape of body Shape of vertebral foramen Spinous process Plane of articular facets Speciality Cervical Horizontal Transverse foraminavertebral artery Thoracic frontal Costal articular surfaces Lumbar Saggital Mamillary pocesses

Joints of the vertebral column I. Joints of VBs are designed for weight bearing and strength Intervertebral discs (IVD) unit themsemirigid column The structure of IVDs: Outer anulus fibrosus Inner nucleus pulposus IVD prolapse

Joints of vertebral column II. Vertebral arches are interconnected by zygapophysial joint (synovial joints) Plane joints-gliding movementsdefined by the plane of art facetscervical and lumbar regions are more flexible

Ligaments of the vertebral column

Atlano-occipital (AO) and atlanto-axial (AA) joint AO (between condyles of occipital bone and sup facets of atlas condyloid type Movements are: Nodding of head (yes) Tilting of head laterally AA  cone shape, gliding type joint allowing : turning the head (side to side) Rotating (disapproval expression-no-no)

Movements of vertebral column Flexion-extension Bending left/right Rotation (left/right

Pathological aspects

Pathological aspects-scoliosis

Muscles of the back Superficial back muscles (thoracohumeral muscles that migrated secondarily to the back but developed in the ventral aspect of the embrio innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves)

2. Deep back muscles A. Erector spinae muscle (longissimus and iliocostal parts

2B. Transverso-spinales muscles 2B subgroups: Semispinalis Multifidus rotatores Deep back muscles are all innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Nuchal region The area is surrounded by the nuchal ligament (superficial and deep layers) A topografically important area is localized here: suboccipital trigone

Suboccipital trigone Contents: posterior arch of atlas, vertebral artery suboccipital nerve= posterior ramus of C₁

Break

Chest cavity –bony parts Ribs Thoracic vertebrae Sternum

Morphology of the ribs

Classification of the ribs True ribs (7 pairs) False ribs (5 pairs-the last two false ribs are called floating ribs

Sternum Sternal angle

Joints of thoracic cavity Sternocostal Costotransverse Costovertebral

Movements of the thoracic wall

Muscles of thoracic cavity-respiratory muscles external intercostal muscles Internal intercostal muscles

Respiratory muscles-pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles

(Accessory) Respiratory muscles Anterior scalenus Middle scalenus Posterior scalenus

Diaphragm Main organizer of respiratory movements Divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities Pathway for structures between those cavities Muscular part (costal, lumbar, sternal) Tendineus part (central part)

Diaphragm Muscular part (costal, sternal, lumbar) Central part Innervated by phrenic nerve (cervical plexus)

Structures that pass through the diaphragm aorta esophagus vagus nerve azygos/hemiazygos veins splanchnic nerves sympathetic chain thoracic duct inferior vena cava

Respiratory movements

Thank you for the attention!

Literature Moore: Clinically orientated anatomy Gray’s anatomy for students