Coordinating conjunctions Year 7 Cycle 2 – War and Conflict: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Key concepts: Argument– a statement or set of statements that you use in order to convince people of your opinion Rhetoric - the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing OR language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect (see below) Counter argument – a set of reasons put forward to oppose an argument and develop another Topic sentences – state the main idea or point you want to make at the start of your paragraph The Essay – your attempt to argue your point of view in response to the essay question. This should be supported by evidence and analysis of the text. It should include an introduction and paragraphs which each make separate points in response to the question. Evaluation – Making a point to show your point of view in response to a statement, and explaining how the writer uses language and structure to support your point. Key themes Friendship: Bruno and Shmuel form a friendship despite the conflict and death that surrounds them. Power and corruption: This is reflected in the actions of Father, The Fury and Lieutenant Kotler. They abuse their power and harm many. Innocence: Bruno is young and cannot understand what is going on in the world around him. He mishears information and is often selfish. Violence and Death: There are many acts of violence that shadow the story, the acts that are committed daily outside Bruno’s new home and some that are committed inside such as the incident with Pavel and Kotler. Kindness: Pavel is kind to Bruno after his fall and Bruno is kind to Shmuel by giving him food. Plot Summary Bruno is a young German boy who lives in Berlin. When his father, a very important soldier, is promoted, then must leave Berlin to live in a dark and isolated house. Bruno’s father has a very important job and is visited by the Fury. Bruno and Gretel, his sister, have to be on their best behavior. Bruno doesn’t like the new house, he looks out the window to see farmland and people in pajamas living there. When Bruno ventures into the garden he meets a boy called Shmuel on the other side of the fence. He doesn’t tell anyone about this. He continues to visit Shmuel in secret, Gretel becomes more interest in the Nazi party and Mother has started to drink. Bruno witnesses another soldier, Kotler, lose his temper with their servant Pavel. He visits Shmuel again and goes under the fence to help him find Shmuel’s father. Social and Historical Context WW2: The story is set during World War Two when Germany was fighting the allied powers. The war lasted from 1939-1945. Holocaust: The mass extermination of Jews and others that the Nazi’s deemed unworthy of existence. These included, Gypsies, Roman Catholics, Black and Hispanic people and homosexuals. People were murdered through death marches, starvation, medical experimentation and gas chambers in concentration camps around Europe. Nazi Party: The National Socialist German Workers Party was founded after WW1. Germany was in a state of decline and poverty as they had to pay the other countries in Europe money after loosing to them in the war. The Nazi Party was voted into government and then became a dictatorship under Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler: Leader of the Nazi Party, he committed suicide when Germany was defeated at the end of WW2. Propaganda – Information with a biased or leading nature Rhetorical Devices: Alliteration: When words close together start with the same letter, consider the effect/ mood created by the sound, e.g. cold clockwork Anecdote: A personal story or experience to support your argument Anaphora: repetition of a word at beginning of successive phrases for emphasis, e.g. We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans Metaphor: An implicit comparison between two things not using ‘like’ or ‘as,’ e.g. ‘in the flames of withering injustice.’ Simile: An explicit comparison between two things using ‘like’ or ‘as’ Hyperbole: The exaggeration of details to prove a point e.g. We’ve got to make smoke up there or die. Punctuation: Use a range of punctuation for rhetorical effect and to guide the reader of your work Triplets: Lists of three, you could even use alliteration here as well! E.g. he is cruel, callous and cowardly. Characters Bruno- A Young German boy born during WW2, he doesn’t fully understand the Nazi regime or their beliefs. Shmuel – A Young Jewish boy who is in a concentration camp and makes Friends with Bruno. Gretel- Bruno’s older sister, she begins to idolise Hitler and the Nazi regime. Mother- Bruno and Gretel’s mother who is not happy about moving away from Berlin Father- Bruno and Gretel’s father, a high ranking Nazi soldier who is given a new job looking after the concentration camp Lieutent Kotler A Young Nazi soldier who is violent and aggressive, he works in the camp. Pavel: A prisoner of the camp who helps around Bruno’s house. Maria: A maid who Works for Bruno’s parents Fury: Adolf Hitler ‘the fuhrer’ , leader of the Nazis War and Conflict Adverbs Adjectives Plural nouns Irregular Verbs Powerfully Carefully Guiltily Accidentally Deliberately Bravely Anxiously Innocently Irritably Honestly Seriously Occasionally Politely Necessarily Possibly Powerful Careful Guilty Accidental Deliberate Brave Anxious Innocent Irritable Honest Serious Occasional Polite Necessary Possible Atrocities Armies Toys Boys Boxes Lives Knives Women Children Wishes Pyjamas Prejudices Tragedies Turned Found Slept Spent Rode Saw Built Taught Forgot Bombarded Attacked Battled Fought Using Sentences Conjunctions: Words which join different parts of a sentence together Subordinating conjunctions: Create a subordinate clause and show that one part of the sentence is more important than the other Coordinating Conjunctions: Link or contrast two clauses of equal importance Simple Sentence: Consists of one main clause (must contain a subject and a finite verb) and makes sense on its own Compound sentence: Contains two main clauses each of equal importance connected by a coordinating conjunction Complex sentence: Contains at least one main clause and at least one subordinate clause Subordinate clause: does not make sense on its own but depends on the main clause which it is placed with for meaning Punctuation: Punctuation not only means our sentences are grammatically correct, it also guides our reading of a text. Coordinating conjunctions For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS) Subordinating conjunctions: Because Unless Whereas Whilst Despite Although Therefore Before After