The FORESTRY INDUSTRY CORPORATE VIEW ENVIRONMENTALIST VIEWS Two Perspectives on the Forestry Industry: CORPORATE VIEW ENVIRONMENTALIST VIEWS

Sustained Yield Forest Management Definition: The use of forest resources (trees) at a rate that allows the forests time to renew themselves

The World’s Largest Forest Nations Country Percentage of Forested Land Area (km 2) Brazil 59% 8 512 000 Canada 42% 9 971 000 China 13% 9 597 000 India 23% 3 288 000 Russia 48% 17 075 000 United States 31% 9 373 000

416.2 million hectares of Canada is FOREST! Area of Concentration Forestry by Company (below) Forestry within Canada (most popular places) (above) 416.2 million hectares of Canada is FOREST!

Two Types of Forests: Two Types of Forests: Definition: Examples: Softwood Forests that make up about 66% of Canada’s forests Coniferous trees such as fir, pine and spruce Hardwood Forests that make up about 12% of Canada's’ forests Deciduous trees such as poplar, maple and birch

Canada’s commercial and Non commercial forest

Commercial vs. Non - Commercial Forest Definitions Where do they Exist Shipping of Timber Commercial Consists of trees that can be harvested to make a profit ($) They exist in warmer, wetter areas of Canada where trees grow quickly Timber is shipped easily by roads, railways and waterways Non-Commercial Forests that are unlikely to be harvested They exist north of the commercial forests where temperature and precipitation levels are too low Timber is too far away from transportation

7 Forest Regions of Canada Commercial Forest Non Commercial Forest Non Forested land Boreal 49% 24% 27% Taiga 11% 34% 55% Montane 65% 6% 29% Mixed 47% 2% 61% West Coast 39% 7% 54% Arctic 0% 1% 99% Prairie 4% 96% What conclusions can we draw about the location and importance of forestry in a diverse Canada?

How are Canada's forests used for different Commercial purposes? Boreal Forest- pulp and paper (small trees) Taiga Forest- too far from markets- some used for pulp and paper West Coast Forest- largest volume of wood per hectare, large trees for lumber, cedar shingles and plywood Montane Forest- 2nd largest volume of wood per hectare, lumber and pulp and paper Mixed Forest- coniferous trees are used for lumber and pulp and paper, deciduous trees used for flooring and furniture making such as maple, cherry, birch

Extraction Selective cutting in BC Clear cutting in Kelowna, British Columbia.↑ Shelter wood logging

Transportation Logs being transported by boat  Transporting logs by truck from where they have been extracted. (picture above and to the right)

Processing Each mill specializes in a particular market Saw mills tend to be much smaller operations than pulp and paper Each mill specializes in a particular market The Number of saw mills has declined from 900 to 850. New mills replace old fashioned mills that were designed to just saw logs, new mills reduce waste and parts of the log that were thrown out 30 years ago are now used. Examples include: Particle board, bark and sawdust are burned to help power the mill

Processing STEP 1 STEP 2 2 blades cut off parts of the wood that cant be used. ← STEP 3 While being examined blades cut the logs in to needed sizes. ↑ Logs are sent down a conveyer belt to be shipped off.→

Processing- Bark Removal STEP 1 Using pressure jets of water to remove bark. STEP 2 Very efficient Doesn’t work in areas with cold climate

1 in 16 jobs involve some kind of foresty. Economic Importance 1 in 16 jobs involve some kind of foresty. Forestry creates 360 000 direct jobs and 500 000 indirect ones. → 33% of all our exports is forestry. The highest % of any group. ←We make 81 billion dollars a year off lumber. 40 billion dollars of wood is exported.

EXTRACTION COMPARISON Use page 314-315 to complete this chart Harvesting Process Ease of Logging (speed, difficulty) Cost Ecological Protection (Impact on environment and habitats) Clear Cutting Shelterwood logging Selective Cutting

EXTRACTION COMPARISON Harvesting Process Ease of Logging Cost Ecological Protection Clear Cutting Fastest Cheapest New forest uniform in species and size Shelterwood logging Easily Done as small areas are clear cut Cheap Seed bearing trees left and Forest regenerates naturally Selective Cutting More difficult More expensive Less disruptive

Economic Importance USA Europe Canada's Largest Product Lumber USA Majority Japan Europe

Production Problems Plywood↑ Multi wood chips↓ Wasted lumber from production. Plywood↑ Multi wood chips↓ Biggest problem in production. Solutions have been created though.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING THE INDUSTRY ACID PRECIPITATION CAUSED BY EMISSIONS FROM FACTORIES PREVAILING WINDS CARRY EMISSIONS TREES ARE WEAKENED AND TURN YELLOW THOSE THAT DON’T DIE OUTRIGHT GROW MORE SLOWLY Acid precipitation

Environmental Challenges Facing the Industry Clear-cut trees cannot provide humus for the soil making it extremely hard for anything to grow back. Mountain pine beetle that has been devouring forests.

Environmental Issues Created by the Forest Industry Unfertile soil.→ Habitat loss. Global warming increased. Destroyed ecozones. Air pollution.

Future Prospects Many new homes and suburbs being built. Need for lumber is at its highest and will just keep increasing The need for paper is high. New city development→

THREE ISSUES = TWO VIEWS Read page 320 and 321 to SUMMARIZE their views ISSUES CORPORATE VIEW ENVIRONMENTALIST VIEW Clear Cutting Aerial spraying of Pesticides Global Competition

Clearcutting and Logging: The War of the Woods –video 9