Active and Intelligent Packaging Food Packaging Summit 7 December 2017, dr. ir. Jenneke Heising

Contribution CF of food and package Source: Packaging and wasted food. A report by Center of Sustainable systems, University of Michigan Food waste Groter effect dan verpakking Bekijk voedsel en verpakking samen Dus als je wat aan duurzaameid wilt doen is het zeker niet altijd handig om maar gewoon je verpakking te verminderen als je daardoor meer voedselverspilling krijgt. Maar met verpakking beter te ontwerpen (gericht op voedselkwaliteit), kun je wel zorgen voor lagere CO2

Active packaging Packaging that actively affects (the internal environment) of the product Objective: increase shelf life or quality

Active packaging Example oxygen absorber mechanisms: Oxidation of ascorbic acid and unsaturated fatty acids Oxidation of photosensitive dye Enzymatic oxidation (e.g. glucose oxidase) Oxidation of iron powder: 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O → 4 Fe(OH)3

Oxygen scavenging film or layer Oxygen scavenger UV light activated film composed as an O2 scavenger layer extruded into a multilayer film Reduce headspace O2 from 1% to ppm levels in 3-10 days; comparable with O2 scavenging sachets Cryovac OS film Ramos et al. 2015

Modelling active packaging design oxygen- scavenger product gasphase O2,g,e O2,g,i O2,p + Q Qox package 1 2 3 4

Antimicrobial Packaging Antimicrobial agents (e.g. organic acids or bacteriocins’ or metals or metal oxides) may be incorporated in or on (coating) package materials Extends shelf life: especially for fresh foods  Appendini and Hotchkiss (2002) Veel Onderzoek Nanoparticles Nadeel: gezondheid nog niet duidelijk Figure: Example of the effect of an antimicrobial plastic film on Aspergillus niger. Agar diffusion method (from Appendini and Hotchkiss (2002) 

Forms of antimicrobial packaging Additions of sachets/pads containing volatiles Incorporation of volatile and non-volatiles directly into polymers Coating or adsorbing antimicrobials onto polymer surface Immobilization of antimicrobials to polymers by ion or covalent linkages Use of polymers that are inherently antimicrobial.

Natural antimicrobial compounds space for image 85% AllylIsothicyanate Water Niet direct contact Niet nano Natuurlijke ingredienten met am werking Controlled release, dus langere houdbaarheid Voorbeeld Alim Quickly release

Smart packaging Active Packaging influences food quality Intelligent Packaging monitors quality Environment Food Package Figure: Mihindukulasuriya 2014

Intelligent Packaging Environmental Conditions Ext-Sensor Food models Quality Int-Sensor Indicator Compounds Quality Food Product

Time-temperature indicator Principle TTI: visual indication of cumulative effects of temperature history Temperature-dependent reaction, with similar temperature sensitivities (Ea) as for the food deterioration mechanism.

Example TTI Polymerization

Types Intelligent Packaging Packaging systems with sensor for measuring: Quality attributes (Indicator compound for quality, like volatiles) Advantage: Direct quality indicator Disadvantage: Specific sensors for each product group External conditions (T, humidity, pressure, integrity) Advantage: sensor has broad application Disadvantage: Indirect quality indicator

Modelling approach Food Quality value Quality change value Sensor monitoring internal product quality factor Initial quality value Food Quality value Sensor monitoring environmental conditions Translation of sensor data into food quality status by predictive models It should be considered per food type whether there are quality attributes that can be used for an intelligent packaging concept or that sensors measuring external conditions can be used to predict quality well. There is some literature about intelligent packaging concepts for specific food products and intelligent packaging in common. (Kerry, O'Grady et al. 2006) have written about the application of intelligent packaging concepts for meat. There is not yet a review about applications of intelligent packaging for different kinds of perishable foods. In this review we will focus on intelligent packaging that can be used to monitor quality of perishable foods.

Example gas sensor Ghent University: CheckPack Example direct sensor met nanotechnologie (printed electronics on picture)

Using sensor signal in logistics Quality Controlled Logistics (QCL) Logistic decisions based on quality of products Routing management Dynamic pricing strategies Dynamic shelf life Can strategies reduce food waste? Heising, Claassen and Dekker, FAC, 2017

Results: optimization model Optimizing routing Quality decay (X) of food dependent on: Time, Temperature, Initial Quality Heising, Claassen and Dekker, FAC, 2017

Dynamic pricing van der Leij, Heising and Dekker, 2017

Conclusion Active and intelligent packaging can reduce food waste Intelligent packaging: Measurement Modelling Communication