BTEC Level 3 Sport Unit 18: Sports Injuries Tutor: Jade Curry

Intrinsic or extrinsic? How can the risk lead to injury? Recap Intrinsic or extrinsic? How can the risk lead to injury? How can the risk be minimised? Explain how…

Learning Outcomes By the end of the lesson you should be able to: Identify and describe the signs and symptoms associated with sports injuries Describe (and explain) the primary physiological response of clotting associated with sports injuries Describe (and explain) the primary physiological response of inflammation associated with sports injuries

Q. What is meant by ‘physiological response’ and ‘psychological response’?

Physiological Response The body’s physical mechanisms that respond when an injury takes place These are initiated to repair and protect the damaged tissue (Adams et al., 2010)

Psychological Responses The mental aspect of how an athlete copes and comes to terms with their injury and treatment (Adams et al., 2010)

Physiological Response There are a number of ways that the body responds to an injury... Q. What are these? Q. Signs? Q. Symptoms? Q. Short term? Q. Longer term? …relate to an injury you have had or witnessed.

Damage to the body tissue initiates the primary damage response mechanism Signs and symptoms: Pain Inflammation Accumulation of fluid Redness Tenderness Reduced function Reduced movement Q. Why? What is going on?

Physiological Response Injury Primary damage responses Clotting Inflammation Repair Remodelling Internal / external bleeding – concussion Type of injury / severity of injury

Primary Damage Response With the majority of sports injuries there will be bleeding You might not always be able to see the bleeding initially… The amount of bleeding will depend on… Q. Terminology? Q. Why does this happen? Internal / external bleeding – concussion Type of injury / severity of injury

Primary Damage Response Intramuscular haematoma – in compartment Intermuscular haematoma – spreads to surrounding areas Q. Consequences Q. What is the physiological response? Spread to surrounding areas… more damage caused

Primary Damage Response – Clotting When there is bleeding platelets are activated These stick to damaged blood vessels Q. Why is this important? Haemophilia Prevents blood loss Starts clotting Starts healing Q. What next?

Learning Outcomes By the end of the lesson you should be able to: Describe (and explain) the primary physiological response of clotting associated with sports injuries Describe (and explain) the primary physiological response of inflammation associated with sports injuries Aim higher… Analyse the importance of these physiological responses Aim higher… Analyse factors which may impact these responses

Primary Damage Response - Inflammation What is inflammation? Signs and symptoms of inflammation? Stage of inflammation? Importance?

Primary Damage Response - Inflammation The process to remove harmful products Vasodilation of arterioles Increased permeability of capillaries Increased white blood cells Inflammation Video (2.10) Q. Why are these responses important?

Primary Damage Response - Inflammation The purposes… Remove debris Deliver o2 / nutrients Reduce infection - wbcs Recovery Q. What next?

Task – Produce a flow diagram summarising the primary response to a sports injury

Primary Damage Response Damage to tissue & capillaries Bleeding Lack of oxygen & nutrients to cells Cell damage / death Signals from damaged cells Receptors Brain Vasoconstriction & activate platelets Reduced blood flow and clotting Repair capillaries Restoration of blood flow Primary Damage Response Clotting Prevents blood loss Starts clotting Starts healing

Primary Damage Response Signals from damaged cells Vasodilation Increased blood flow Increased permeability of capillaries Increased pressure WBC’s move to interstitial space Swelling and redness Pain Phagocytosis Cell damage removed, signals slow Vasodilation reduces Inflammation reduces Primary Damage Response Inflammation Prevents blood loss Starts clotting Starts healing

The Primary Damage Responses Injury / Tissue damage Chemical released from damaged cells The Primary Damage Responses Vasoconstriction + Blood clotting Vasodilation Increased blood flow Reduced function Heat Pain Redness Swelling

Aim higher… Analyse factors which may impact these responses By the end of the lesson you should be able to: Describe (and explain) the repair physiological response associated with sports injuries Describe (and explain) the remodelling physiological response associated with sports injuries Aim higher…Analyse the importance of these responses and factors impacting them Aim higher… Analyse factors which may impact these responses

Repair The development of scar tissue replaces the tissue at the site of injury Scar tissue is mostly made of collagen However, this collagen is different to ligament and tendon collagen The collagen is not as strong or elastic The functioning of the tissue is reduced Fibroblasts – lay down collagen Q. Example injuries?

Sprains… what tissue? 1st Degree – stretching of ligament (no tear) 2nd Degree – partial tear 3rd Degree – complete tear, or detachment from bone Strains… what tissues? Grade 1 – minor damage to the muscle fibres Grade 2 – more extensive damage to the fibres Grade 3 – complete rupture

Explain the mechanism of injury – risk factors Task Explain the mechanism of injury – risk factors Explain the primary damage response Explain the repair process Learners – scenario cards (pairs) Tutor assessment / peer assessment – rotate tables Q/A Q. Terminology? Q. Recap anatomy / hard tissue injuries Q. Describe the risk factor / explain mechanism of injury Q. Describe / explain the primary damage response Q. Describe / explain the repair process Ext Q. Factors affecting repair

Primary Response and Repair Injury Bleeding Clotting Inflammation The wound is ‘bridged’ Collagen fibres are produced (fibroblasts) A scar is formed Q. What next?

Q. What treatment would occur at this stage? Remodelling Scar tissue developed will imitate the original tissue If care is given, scarring will decrease Strength and range of movement can improve However, if not, scar tissue will shrink and limit ROM Q. What treatment would occur at this stage? Dynamic stretching – controlled moving movements to limits of ROM Static stretching – holding stretches Passive stretching – static stretching with a partner or apparatus Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation – static stretch, then force applied to stretch against resistance Q/A Q. How does injury affect the individual / performance? Q. How can this be improved? Q. What treatment / rehabilitation would occur? Ext Q. Factors affecting repair / remodelling? Ext – relate treatment / rehab to specific injury scenario

Untreated Healed Tissue Normal Tissue

Non / partial / full weight bearing Increasing strength Increasing ROM Rehabilitation Non / partial / full weight bearing Increasing strength Increasing ROM Dynamic stretching Static stretching Passive stretching Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation Dynamic stretching – controlled moving movements to limits of ROM Static stretching – holding stretches Passive stretching – static stretching with a partner or apparatus Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation – static stretch, then force applied to stretch against resistance Q/A Q. How does injury affect the individual / performance? Q. How can this be improved? Q. What treatment / rehabilitation would occur? Ext Q. Factors affecting repair / remodelling? Ext – relate treatment / rehab to specific injury scenario

Injury Clotting Inflammation Repair Remodelling Why does each physiological response take place? How are these important in the healing process What factors could impact these responses? How? Examples?

Unit 18: Sports Injuries Task 2

Task 2 – Produce and deliver a presentation that will describe (P3/P4) explain (M2) and analyse (D1) the physiological and psychological responses common to most sports injuries Physiological responses: Damaged tissue – relate to a specific injury Primary damage response (clotting and inflammation) Healing response Remodelling response

Learning Resources NHS Sports Injuries Sports Injuries Clinic BBC Bitesize Treating Sports Injuries BUPA Avoiding Injuries