Table of Contents Understanding Solutions Concentration and Solubility Describing Acids and Bases Acids and Bases in Solution Digestion and pH

Identifying Main Ideas - Understanding Solutions Identifying Main Ideas As you read the section “What is a Solution?”, write the main idea in a graphic. Then write three supporting details. Main Idea A solution is a well mixed mixture that contains a solvent and at least one solute. Detail Detail Detail Detail The solvent is the substance present in the largest amount. A solute is a substance present in a smaller amount than the solvent. A solution has the same properties throughout. A solution contains particles that are too small to see.

What Is a Solution? - Understanding Solutions A solution has the same properties throughout. It contains solute particles (molecules or ions) that are too small to see.

What Is a Solution? - Understanding Solutions Solutions can be made from any combinations of solids, liquids, and gases.

Colloids and Suspensions - Understanding Solutions Colloids and Suspensions Colloids and suspensions are mixtures that have properties different from those of solutions.

Particles in a Solution - Understanding Solutions Particles in a Solution When a solution forms, particles of the solute leave each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent.

Salt Dissolving in Water Activity - Understanding Solutions Salt Dissolving in Water Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about salt dissolving in water.

Effects of Solutes on Solvents - Understanding Solutions Effects of Solutes on Solvents At 0ºC, pure water freezes, but water mixed with a solute does not. Solutes lower the freezing point of a solvent. Liquid water solution Solid (frozen) water

Click the Video button to watch a movie about universal solvent. - Understanding Solutions Universal Solvent Click the Video button to watch a movie about universal solvent.

End of Section: Understanding Solutions

Calculating a Concentration - Concentration and Solubility Calculating a Concentration To calculate the concentration of a solution, compare the amount of solute to the amount of solution and multiply by 100 percent. For example, if a solution contains 10 grams of solute dissolved in 100 grams of solution, then its concentration can be reported as 10 percent.

Calculating a Concentration - Concentration and Solubility Calculating a Concentration Practice Problem A solution contains 12 grams of solute dissolved in 36 grams of solution. What is the concentration of the solution? 33%

Solubility - Concentration and Solubility Solubility is a measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.

Temperature and Solubility - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility The solubility of the compound potassium nitrate (KNO3) varies in water at different temperatures.

Temperature and Solubility - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility Reading Graphs: At which temperature shown in the graph is KNO3 least soluble in water? KNO3 is least soluble at 0ºC.

Temperature and Solubility - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility Reading Graphs: Approximately what mass of KNO3 is needed to saturate a water solution at 40ºC? Approximately 65 g of KNO3 are needed to saturate a water solution at 40ºC.

Temperature and Solubility - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility Calculating: About how much more soluble is KNO3 at 40ºC than at 20ºC? KNO3 is about twice as soluble at 40ºC as it is at 20ºC.

Temperature and Solubility - Concentration and Solubility Temperature and Solubility Interpreting Data: Does solubility increase at the same rate with every 20ºC increase in temperature? Explain. No; the curve shows that solubility increases more with each 20ºC increase in temperature.

End of Section: Concentration and Solubility

Introduction Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAJsZWhj6GI

1. Which of the following is an example of a base? Coca-cola. Tomatoes. Milk. Orange juice. Lemon juice.

2. What is a base? A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste sour due to a high concentration of positive hydrogen ions. A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste bitter due to a high concentration of negative hydrogen ions. A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste bitter due to a low concentration of positive hydrogen ions. A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste bitter due to a high concentration of positive hydrogen ions. A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste sour due to a low concentration of positive hydrogen ions.

3. Which of the following is an example of an acid? Milk. Lemon juice. Leafy vegetables. Potatoes. Water.

4. Which of the following is the MOST ACIDIC on a pH scale? 1 7 3 14 9

5. What is an acid? A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste bitter due to a low concentration of positive hydrogen ions. A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste bitter due to a high concentration of positive hydrogen ions. A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste sour due to a low concentration of positive hydrogen ions. A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste sour due to a high concentration of positive hydrogen ions. A type of chemical that forms solutions that taste sour due to a high concentration of negative hydrogen ions.

Asking Questions - Describing Acids and Bases Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. Question Answer What is an acid? An acid is a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red. What is a base? A base is a substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue. What are uses of acids and bases? Uses of acids include cleaning products, fertilizers, and car batteries; uses of bases include cleaning products, baking ingredients, and cement manufacturing.

Properties of Acids and Bases - Describing Acids and Bases Properties of Acids and Bases Litmus is an example of an indicator, a compound that changes color when in contact with an acid or a base.

Uses of Acids and Bases - Describing Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

Acids and Bases in Solution The table lists some commonly encountered acids and bases.

Strength of Acids and Bases - Acids and Bases in Solution Strength of Acids and Bases Strong acids and weak acids act differently in water. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Acetic acid is a weak acid.

The pH Scale - Acids and Bases in Solution A low pH tells you that the concentration of hydrogen ions is high. In contrast, a high pH tells you that the concentration of hydrogen ions is low.

Acids and Base Song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAJsZWhj6GI

Acid-Base Reactions - Acids and Bases in Solution A reaction between an acid and a base is called neutralization. An acid-base mixture is not as acidic or basic as the individual starting solutions.

Acid-Base Reactions - Acids and Bases in Solution Each salt listed in this table can be formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.

Previewing Visuals - Acids and Bases in Solution When you preview, you look ahead at the material to be read. Preview Figure 21. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Neutralization Q. What is a neutral solution? A. A neutral solution is one that has a pH close to 7. Q. What is neutralization? A. Neutralization is a reaction between an acid and a base.

Acids Bases pH - Acids and Bases in Solution https://study.com/academy/lesson/acidic-basic-neutral-solutions-determining-ph.html

What Is Digestion? - Digestion and pH Chemical digestion breaks large molecules into smaller ones.

Graphic Organizer Solutions Solutes Solvents Ions Molecules Water are made of Solutes Solvents dissolve in dissolve to form such as Ions Molecules Water conduct do not conduct Electricity

End of Section: Graphic Organizer