Perceiving is Believing Carolyn Pacheco

Stance Definitions:  Parapsychology- the study of paranormal phenomena such as ESP and psycho kinesis  Extrasensory Perception (ESP)- controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition [ The study of paranormal phenomena (such as ESP) is valid as well as accurate.

History of… 2150 B.C. – Babylonian text “Epic of Gilgamesh” predicts the imminent arrival of two individuals 350 B.C. – Aristotle publishes paper “On Prophesying by Dreams” with skepticism of precognition 1871 – Rev. P.H. and Mrs. Newnham test “thought transference” 1882 – F.W.H. Myers suggests the term “telepathy” 1882 – The Society for Psychial Research is founded in London – J.B. Rhine Experiment featuring Adam Linzmayer and later Hubert Pearce 1942 – Soal and Goldney experiment featuring Basil Shackleton 1949 – The News and Courier promotes the want for information for the Society for Parapsychology 1960 – J.B. Rhine founds the Institute of Psychology (Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man) 1964 – President Truman is credited with Extrasensory Perception 1966 – An hour long documentary airs on ABC exploring psychic world of ESP

History of (cont…) 1968 – Article published in Meriden Journal acknowledges ESP and explains three types – Hans Holzer speaks “ESP and you” to the public 1969 – St. Petersburg article is published stating “’69 isn’t believers’ best year” – Forty-two Ganzfeld studies published or reported – PEAR (Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab) 2008 – Results of Ganzfeld study published supporting telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition 2010 – DISCOVER magazine publishes “How to make people believe in ESP: Tell them scientists think its bogus” 2011 – Daryl J. Bem experiment published in The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology NY Times article – Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS) launches a teleseminar series “Mysteries of Consciousness” – DISCOVER magazine sites breakthrough on Army mind-reading machine

Views & Issues Positive – Growth within the use of technological advances – More publicity towards the education of parapsychology – More people are becoming open minded Negative – Skeptics – Inaccurate use of statistics within research – Experiments lack key factor of repetition – Most events are unexplainable or happen when no one else is around – Goes against religious beliefs Dean Radin- Science, Parapsychology, and Taboo

Experiments J.B. Rhine – Adam Linzmayer: 39.6% of accuracy out of 20% chance, 36% every time on three 25 card series with 20% chance. Run of naming 21 out of 25 cards – Hubert Pearce: average 40% of accuracy where chances could only have been an estimated 20%. Soal and Goldney 1942 – Results considered fraudulent (Markwick, 1985)

Experiments Cont… Gallup et al. 1990, 1996, 2001, 2005 Belief in ESP or extrasensory perceptionBelief in telepathy or communication between minds

“I shall not commit to the fashionable stupidity of regarding everything I cannot explain as a fraud”. -Carl Jung The Future

References Dean Radin College Presentation ’s “Big Science” series Bem, D. (2011) Cultural Indicators of the Paranormal (2011) Diaconis, P. (2006) Statistical Problems in ESP Research, Science 201., "Joseph Banks Rhine." Wikipedia. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 28 Dec Web. 20 Jan Mencken, F.C. Conventional Christian Beliefs and Experimentation with the Paranormal, Review of Religious Research, 2008;50(2): Nichols, A. Dr. (2011) “ESP and the Brain” "Psychic." Wikipedia. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 8 Jan Web. 20 Jan Ridgway, C. "Mind over Science: An Exploration into the World of Psi." Serendip. N.p., 9 Jan Web. 20 Jan Steinkamp, F. (1999) Testing Clairvoyance and Precognition by Manipulating Probabilities: A Conceptual Assessment of the Experimental Literature, Journal of Parapsychology. Soal and Goldney Experiment Steinkamp, F. “Testing Clairvoyance and Precognition By Manipulating Probabilities: A Conceptual Assessment of the Experimental Literature” Journal of Parapsychology, The 1999 Telepathy, Clairvoyance and Precognition The Anatomy of a Precognitive Dream Twin Telepathy: Best Evidence

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