REGULATING URBAN WATER DEMAND & NON-REVENUE WATER IN A WATER SCARCE STATE A MAJOR CHALLENGE FOR 24 BY 7 WATER SUPPLY IN RAJASTHAN Anil Dutt Vyas, Head Civil Engineering Department, Manipal University Jaipur, India Prof Rohit Goyal, Dean Planning & Development, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India

Snap Shot : Rajasthan Water Scenario Rajasthan is possibly the driest state in India Uncertain rainfall confined to two/three months of the year. West of Aravali, lies Thar Desert with an average rainfall of just 318.7 mm Eastern part is humid & rainfall ranges between 400 to 1000 mm The average rainfall for the State about 570 mm.( National average 1170 mm). Out of 237 blocks in the state, 207 were in the dark zones while only 30 blocks have groundwater left as per last survey. The cattle owners also facing acute shortage of water. Drought like situation in 26 out of 33 districts of Rajasthan http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISReports/NRDWPDistrictMain.aspx?APP=IMIS&IState=027&StName=RAJASTHAN

Snap Shot : Rajasthan Water Scenario There are 14 defined river basins in the State but Chambal and Mahi are the only perennial rivers. Surface water available in all basins: 25.931BCM Only 60 percent/16.054 BCM considered economically usable. The current demand-supply deficit is 8 BCM, and is expected to go up to 10 BCM by 2017. Water supply once in 24 hours for 161 towns, once in 48 hours for 49 towns, and once in 72 hours in 12 towns. The annual water table loss is 1 to 3 meters at many places. Around 90% of drinking water is met by groundwater.

Snapshot : Rajasthan Urban Sector Total State population about 69 million With the same trends a) population likely to increase to 81.14 million in 2020 b) 103.47 million in 2040 c) 117.77 million in 2060. Urban population around 17 million ( about 25% ) Increasing rate 3.08% per annum. Number of urban local bodies (ULBs): 185

Snapshot : Urban Water Sector Increasing water demand due to rapid urbanization. Demand exceed Supply. Illegal water connection and poor metering system effect both supply of water and revenue generated from it. Water loss due to leakage is 40 to 50%. Out of 185 ULBs , 183 covered by piped water supply 23 ULBs providing more than 100 lpcd, (SLB of135 lpcd MoUD) 79 ULBs provide 60–80 lpcd 74 ULBs provide 40–60 lpcd 1. Rajasthan Urban Policy According to the State Planning Department

Water Quality Scenario Rajasthan 70% of habitations in the state face problems getting potable drinking water. The available water has high total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, fluoride, and nitrates. Fluoride > 1.5 PPM: Tonk, Churu, Barmer, Pali, Sirohi, Jalore, Rajasmand Nitrate > 100 ppm: Churu, Nagaur, Jhunjhunu TDS > 2000 ppm: Churu, Barmer, Bharatpur Iron > 1ppm: Bhilwara, Jodhpur, Baran, Jaipur Source: [1]http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/073e2400407496c1b157b1cdd0ee9c33/Water+Assessment+and+Potential+for+Private+Sector+Interventions-Final.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

In the present Study: Review of detailed documents & field visits to 5 major towns of Rajasthan Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Kota, Ajmer Focus on NRW/Water Losses/ Water Sources/ Water Metering/ Demand Gap/ Pilot Projects on 24 by 7 Coming out with a comparative study Results Conclusions

Major Water Sources City % Source- Ground Water % Source-Surface Water Jaipur 75 25 Jodhpur Udaipur 65 35 Ajmer 70 30 Kota 60 40 Source: [1] Ground Water Scenario Jaipur District, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD [2] Ground Water Scenario Jodhpur District, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD [3] Ground Water Scenario Udaipur District, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD [4] Ground Water Scenario Ajmer District, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD [5] Ground Water Scenario Kota District, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD [6] http://www.rajwater.gov.in/ctzn_charter.htm#ctzn_chzrter4. Source:

Ground Water & Surface Water

NRW Levels in different Cities Urban Centre NRW (%) Jaipur 45 Jodhpur 30 Udaipur Kota 30-40 Ajmer 40-45 Source:

Non-Revenue Water

Metering/Rural District Number of Total House Holds as on 01/04/2014 Number of House Hold With PWS Connection as on 01/04/2014 Number of public tap Connection/ Delivery points as on 01/04/2014 Ajmer 287286 6811 2870 Alwar 504727 47041 395 Jaipur 520141 48816 5400 Jodhpur 361443 32310 8758 Kota 153339 19399 332 Udaipur 478071 46582 1188 Source: NRWDP Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Over 32 urban centres in the state do not have metered household connections. The extent of metering where meters are installed varies from 17% (e.g. Beawar) to 87% (e.g. Udaipur).

House Hold v/s Connections

Cost Recovery in Certain Towns Urban Centres Cost Recovery % Beawer 0.95 Kekri 100 Goredi Chancha 5.40 Kuchera 5.50 Nagaur Todabhim 1.0 Bikaner 23.50 Churu 52.20 Alwar 16.50 Jaipur 2.80 Udaipur 26.11

Very Poor Cost Recovery

Urban Water demand/gap scenario Jaipur Population: 6.62 million Demand: 462 MLD Gap: 90 MLD Leakages: 10-15% NRW issues: 45 % Any major initiative: Pilot Project Service provider/Utility: PHED Source: [1] Census 2011 [2]https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjqyJ_Dx43KAhUHj44KHfriBJgQFgg7MAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Ficrier.org%2Fpdf%2FJaipur_service.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGIVcG3DOQx-VhDpHy8wW1bHrkl6w

Urban Water demand/gap scenario in other towns in Rajasthan Jodhpur Population: 3.68 Million Demand:239 MLD Gap:41 MLD Leakages:10-15% NRW issues:30% Any major initiative: Pilot Project 24X7 water supply Service provider/Utility: PHED Source: [1] http://pheddms.raj.nic.in/private/public/dms_document_JWSS.aspx. [2] http://www.rajwater.gov.in/ctzn_charter.htm#ctzn_chzrter4. [3] Census 2011.

Urban Water demand/gap scenario in other towns in Rajasthan Udaipur Population: 3.068 Million Demand: 139 MLD Gap: 80.20 MLD NRW issues: About 30% Any major initiative: 24X7 Water supply System Service provider/Utility: PHED Source: [1] Census 2011. [2] City Development Plan for Udaipur, 2041. [3] STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS, CPHEEO. [4] Ground Water Scenario Udaipur District, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD.

Urban Water demand/gap scenario in other towns in Rajasthan Kota Population: 1.951 Million Demand: 140.84MLD Gap: 20.80 MLD NRW issues:30-40% Any major initiative: 24X7 Water supply System Service provider/Utility: PHED Source: [1] Ground Water Scenario Kota District, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD. [2] Census 2011 [3] District Environmental Atlas, Kota

Urban Water demand/gap scenario in other towns in Rajasthan Ajmer Population: 3.674 Million Demand: 145.71MLD Gap: 20.71 MLD NRW issues:40-45% Any major initiative: 24X7 Water supply System Service provider/Utility: PHED Source: [1] Ground Water Scenario Ajmer District, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD. [2] Census 2011 [3] District Environmental Atlas, Ajmer

Urban Water demand/gap scenario in other towns in Rajasthan Alwar Population: 3.678 Million Demand: 161.93 MLD Gap: 10.8 MLD NRW issues: 30-40% Any major initiative: 24X7 Water supply System Service provider/Utility: PHED Source: [1] Ground Water Scenario Alwar District, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD. [2] Census 2011 [3] District Environmental Atlas, Alwar

Demand v/s Gap

Gap v/s NRW

Urban Jaipur- The Capital City In the past one decade, the groundwater level in the city has depleted by 25 metres. All the 13 blocks in the city have been declared as dark zones by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). From 2004 to 2014, the groundwater table in Amber block fell 23.18 metres, while in Bassi, it fell 18 metres. Rampant construction and concrete flooring have virtually blocked all natural inlets. Withdrawal is very high as 100-110 million litres of water every day, which is 200% more than the rate at which this source is getting recharged. Very wide gap between the demand and supply. The real estate developers are drawing groundwater for construction and drinking purposes.

State Government Initiatives Under Cairn India's Jeevan Amrit Project, kiosks with reverse osmosis (RO) plants have been installed to provide safe drinking water in some villages in Rajasthan. Signed a fresh agreement under the above 'Jeevan Amrit Project', in which 333 RO plants will be installed in over 800 villages of the district Jodhpur . Model was conceptualised keeping in mind some difficult areas in order to ensure 24x7 availability of quality drinking water in the highly water-starved areas. Pilot projects on 24 by 7 water supply in Jaipur.

Pilot Projects on 24 by 7 water supply in Rajasthan Location: Mansarovar of Jaipur city Initiated on: November, 2010 Agenda of the project: Supporter of the projects: Pilot Activities Undertaken Baseline data collection Conducting IEC campaign District Metered Area (DMA) creation Converting intermittent water supply into 24X7 water supply Eco-Asia, Ranhill Malaysia, Maharastra Jeevan Pradhikaran and PHED Rajasthan0 Source: Demand Response Pilot Project for JVVNL Discom, Jaipur, India: www.iexindia.com

RUIDP/ADB RUPID Phase -1 6 divisional headquarter cities of Ajmer, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota and Udaipur were included. The major focus areas were - water supply, waste water management, solid waste management, maintenance of the road, Drainage, Medical, health etc. Total project cost was around US$ 362 million in addition, Asian Development Bank contributed around US$ 250 million. Source: [1] http://www.http://www.ibef.org/download/Rajasthan-August-2015.pdf

RUPID Phase -2 Rajasthan Urban Sector Development & Investment Programme (RUSDIP), ADB approved financing the phase-II in three tranches after the success of Phase -1. Project is to develop the living conditions & urban environment, enhance social and economic development of 15 urban centres in Rajasthan. Total project cost was around US$ 273 million was signed in 2008 till June 2015. Source: [1] http://www.http://www.ibef.org/download/Rajasthan-August-2015.pdf

RUPID Phase -3 The major focus will be on - water supply distribution network improvement; sewerage system including sewerage network and treatment plant; house service connections in water supply and sewerage sectors; recycling of waste water etc. On October 24, 2014 ADB gives loan of US$ 500 million to RUSDP and the total size of the program would be US$ 610 million. The loan will be used in improving and strengthening water distribution network and sewerage systems in the 6 cities namely - Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jhunjhunu, Pali, Bhilwara and Tonk. Source: [1] http://www.http://www.ibef.org/download/Rajasthan-August-2015.pdf

Preliminary Results of the Study On an average it shows 40 to 50 NRW in major cities but practically the losses are much higher. Cost recovery is almost less than 10 % in most of the urban centres including the Jaipur Average duration of supply was on average just 30 minutes/day ( Jaipur 1 hr/day) This is because of inadequate management of the distribution system & all the systems. Results in contaminated water Metering varies from 20 to 90 % Coverage of piped water supply is still poor around 30-40 %. Except few key towns there are no proper customer grievance redressal centres

Conclusions Efficiency of billing needs to be monitored rigorously. Latest metres /advance meters/remote meters reading to be used. Extensive pipe coverage to be prioritized in uncovered areas. The urban poor blamed for high levels of NRW, especially due to illegal connections. High willingness to pay for piped water supply among the poor. In order to give illegal connections to informal settlements inferior quality of pipes are used, leading to substantial losses. More focus on tariff mechanism ,human resources at ULBs & so on. The urban poor suffer most from this situation

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