Girding for War: The North and the South,

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Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861-1865 Cover Slide The American Pageant Chapter 20 Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861-1865 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

African American Family Group, Virginia, 1861–1862 This photograph was taken by Larkin J. Mead, an antislavery advocate from New England, who went south to assist the slaves after the outbreak of the Civil War. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Fort Sumter Fort Sumter In this vivid engraving, South Carolina shore batteries under the command of P. G. T. Beauregard shell Fort Sumter, the last federal stronghold in Charleston Harbor, on the night of April 12, 1861. Curious and excited civilians look on from their rooftops, never suspecting the horrors that would be the outcome of this rash action. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Lincoln at Sharpsburg, October 1862 Very much the commander-in-chief, President Lincoln visited Union forces on the battlefield on several occasions and was deeply involved in every aspect of the war's execution. Although his only military experience before taking office consisted of brief service in the Black Hawk War, Lincoln's abilities as a military strategist far exceeded that of most of his generals. Here he stands behind Union lines at Antietam with Allan Pinkerton, the detective who provided the Union army with intelligence information, and General John McClernand, who often accompanied the president in his travels. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Mary Tepe, Union woman and traveling merchant As Mary Rice Livermore pointed out, many women served in many different capacities during the Civil War. Mary Tepe combined entrepreneurship and patriotism by serving as a traveling merchant among the Union troops, selling them personal items that they otherwise could not have obtained. During battles she carried water to the front and gave medical aid to wounded soldiers. One observer commented that during the battle at Chancellorsville, "her skirts were riddled by bullets." (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

New York Draft Riots--Battle in Second Avenue Angered by the fact that rich men were virtually exempt form the draft, frightened by the prospect of job competition from freed southern slaves, and frustrated by the lack of resolution on the battlefield, working men took to the streets in New York City during the summer of 1863 to protest against the war. Well-dressed men, African Americans, and leading war advocates were the main targets of mob violence during three nights of uncontrolled rioting. As this illustration shows, federal troops finally put down the rioting in a series of battles around the city. An unknown number of people were killed and injured. (Collection of Picture Research Consultants & Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.