RNA

I. RNA Ribonucleic acid Used to make proteins Made from DNA template

IV. Proteins Made up of amino acids Proteins do most things in cells and organisms Peptide bonds hold amino acids together to build a protein and are VERY STRONG

III. Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) – used for protein synthesis Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosome for protein synthesis Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – makes up ribosomes

Transcription “DNA  mRNA”

RNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA is made from DNA PROCESS: DNA molecules unzip due to RNA polymerase (RP) RP pulls in the proper RNA nucleotide to match the DNA strand (use U (Uracil) instead of T (Thymine). mRNA leaves the nucleus and the DNA rezips

Practice DNA TTA CGA CTA GGC GCT Comp. DNA mRNA DNA GGC TAT TCG GCA AAT

Translation “mRNA  protein”

RNA v. DNA RNA DNA Single strand Double strand Nitrogen base uracil Ribose sugar DNA Double strand Nitrogen base thymine Deoxyribose sugar

TRANSLATION Making proteins from mRNA Occurs in the cytoplasm

Codon - 3 base pair from mRNA - ex) AUG tRNA - brings amino acid that has an anticodon which pairs to the codon from mRNA

Genetic Code used to TRANSLATE the codon to an amino acid Start codon - AUG (methionine) Stop codons - UAA, UAG, UGA

Translation

Genectic Code

Summary Replication: DNA copies itself DNA  DNA Transcription: DNA makes mRNA Translation: mRNA makes proteins

Practice Original DNA AAT CTA GGT CGT ATG GGG CGA Replicate: Transcribe: DNA  mRNA Translate : DNA  proteins

DNA Technology

DNA Fingerprint - pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an individual’s DNA - banding patterns can be compared to see whether they are related Gel Electrophoresis - process which separates fragments of DNA by separating the nucleic acids and proteins according to their size and shape

Mutations

Mutations Mutation- change in DNA Most are minor. Some are harmful.  Some are lethal.  Some mutations are helpful.

Gene mutations: Point mutation - a change in a single base in DNA. 2. Frameshift mutation - the addition or deletion of a base

Mutagens Mutagen: anything that causes a mutation. Examples: UV Radiation Chemicals X-Rays High temperatures Viruses