Ch 7 Urinary Tract

Function Remove nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream Becomes toxic if accumulates

Kidneys and Ureters Kidneys Ureters Nephr/o Ureter/o Nephroptosis Nephrolithiasis Hydronephrosis Nephrostomy Ureters Ureter/o Ureteroplasty Ureterolithotomy

Bladder Bladder Cyst/o Vesic/o Cystitis Cystostomy Cystoscopy Perivesical Vesicoureteral reflux

Trigone, urethra, meatus Trigon/o Urethra Urethr/o Urethritis Urethral stricture Meatus Meat/o Meatotomy

Closer Look At Kidney Hilum/hilus: depression or pit in kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave Cortex: outer area of kidney Medulla: inner area, location of pyramids

Closer Look At Kidney Calix, calyx or calices, calyces: Renal Pelvis: cali/o, calic/o Caliceal Cup like collection region of the renal pelvis Renal Pelvis: pyel/o Pyelolithotomy Pyelonephritis Central collecting region of kidney

Nephrons Glomerulus- glomerul/o glomerulonephritis Tubule 1 mil/kidney

Creation of Urine Filtration: Afferent blood is filtered through glomerulus and water, sugar, salts, and waste are absorbed into Bowman capsule which is continuous with the tubule.

Creation of Urine Reabsorption: Efferent capillaries surrounding tubule reabsorb all of the sugar, most of the water and some of the salts.

Creation of Urine Secretion: As capillaries go from arterial to venous, waste products of metabolism are secreted by the venules such as acids, drugs (such as penicillin) and potassium (a salt) from the bloodstream into the tubule.

Path of Urine TUBULES CALYCES RENAL PELVIS URETER BLADDER URETHRA MEATUS

Contents of Urine Urinalysis (UA) info important to know, but not on the test!

Urinary Conditions Ur/o, urin/o, -uria An/uria Bacteri/uria Dys/uria Glycos/uria Hemat/uria Noct/uria vs enuresis Olig/uria Poly/uria- poly/dipsia Py/uria (UTI= cystitis)

Blood Conditions Azot/o = azotemia Uremia Hyperkalemia Hyponatremia Nitrogen elevated - BUN Uremia Hyperkalemia Hyponatremia

Dialysis CKD – chronic kidney disease CRF – chronic renal failure ESRD – end stage renal disease HD – hemodialysis PD – peritoneal dialysis

Renal Calculi Kidney stones Nephrolithiasis Lithotripsy ESWL – extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Intravenous vs Retrograde Pyelogram

Abbreviations ARF – acute renal failure BUN – blood urea nitrogen CKD – chronic kidney disease CRF – chronic renal failure C&S – culture and sensitivity testing ESRD – end stage renal disease ESWL – extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy HD - hemodialysis KUB – kidney, ureter, bladder PD – peritoneal dialysis UA – urinalysis UTI – urinary tract infection

Female Reproductive System Chapter 8

Men/arche = puberty Ovulation Oophor/o, ovari/o o/o, ov/o, ovul/o Oophoritis Oophorectomy Ovarian o/o, ov/o, ovul/o Oogenesis

Coitus = intercourse Fertilization Salping/o -salpinx Salpingitis Salpingectomy -salpinx Pyosalpinx Hydrosalpinx Hematosalpinx

Gestation/Pregnancy -cyesis -gravida Pseudocyesis Salpingocyesis Nulligravida Primigravida Multigravida

Uterus Hyster/o Uter/o Hysterectomy Hysterosalpingo-gram (HSG) Uterine Utero-ovarian ligament

Uterus Metr/o, metr/i Cervic/o Endometrium Myometrium Serosa cervicitis

Embryonic Membranes Amni/o Chori/o Chorion/o amniocentesis choriogenesis Chorion/o chorionic

Parturition: Act of giving birth -tocia dystocia -parous Nulliparous Primiparous Multiparous EmPHAsis on the correct sylLABle

Vagina and Vulva Colp/o Vagin/o Episi/o Vulv/o Perine/o Culd/o Colporrhaphy Vagin/o Vaginitis Episi/o Episiotomy Vulv/o Vulvar Perine/o Perineorrhaphy Culd/o culdocentesis

Female Reproductive System

Ovulation – NO fertilization Menstruation Oligomenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Menometrorrhagia DUB: dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Menopause Amenorrhea Cessation of menstruation Ova depleted Estrogen secretion lessens Hot flashes and insomnia Estrogen replacement therapy

Carcinoma of the Cervix Human papillomavirus infection Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ (CIS) Screening test is Pap test Conization Hysterectomy – TAH-BSO Exenteration: removal of most organs of pelvis

Endometriosis

Uterine Fibroids Leiomyomata Myomectomy

Accessory Organ: Breasts Mamm/o Mammogram Mammoplasty Augmentation Reduction Mast/o Mastectomy Mastitis

Lactation Galact/o Galactorrhea Lact/o Lactogenesis Lactation

Carcinoma of the Breast Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) Lumpectomy Mastectomy TRAM flap for reconstruction Fibrocystic disease

Ectopic Pregnancy Salpingocyesis Usually tubal Rupture is dangerous Tube is usually destroyed

No Neonatal Conditions (pages 281) We will cover them in the appropriate chapter Examples: Down Syndrome in chapter 2 Pyloric stenosis in chapter 5 & 6

Tubal Ligation

Amniocentesis

Procedures Pap test Tubal ligation HSG Amniocentesis Mammography Colposcopy Conization Cryosurgery Culdocentesis Exenteration Laparoscopy

Abbreviations BSE CIS D&C DUB EDC HSG Pap test SNB TAH-BSO TRAM flap