Anatomy and Physiology Introduction and Levels of Organization

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: A branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts Physiology: The functions of body parts Anatomists rely on observation and dissection, while physiologists employ experimentation.

Characteristics of Life Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all organisms. 1. Movement (internal or gross) 2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change) 3. Growth (increase in size without change in shape) 4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)

5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2) 6 5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2) 6. Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler forms) 7. Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids) 8. Circulation (movement within body fluids) 9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms) 10. Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)

Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis. Homeostasis is regulated through control systems which have receptors, a set point and effectors in common. Examples include: a. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body temperature in a manner similar to the functioning of a home heating thermostat. b. Another homeostatic mechanism employs pressure- sensitive receptors to regulate blood pressure.

Negative Feedback Many of the body's homeostatic controls are negative feedback mechanisms. Each individual uses homeostatic mechanisms to keep body levels within a normal range; normal ranges can vary from one individual to the next.

Anatomical position – a common visual reference point Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

Regional terms – names of specific body areas Axial region – the main axis of the body Appendicular region – the limbs Directional terminology Refers to the body in anatomical position

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Body Planes and Sections Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts Sagittal plane – lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides. Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) parts

Body Planes and Sections

IN Groups of 2 Pick 4 different body parts/organs Using the terms you just learned think how you could get your partner to guess what the body parts are one at a time. Alternate turns. You can use your notes if you want. Work on using your new voc words to help explain what your body parts are.

Characteristics of Life Movement: Self initiated change in direction, traveling through space, movement of internal organs Responsiveness: Stimulus/response, stimuli can be either internal or external

Growth: Increase in body size: Mitosis Reproduction: Making new individuals, cells Respiration: Getting, using O2 to release food energy, removing gaseous wastes

7. Absorption: passage of substances through membranes 6. Digestion: Chemically/mechanically breaks down food into simpler forms that cells can absorb and use. 7. Absorption: passage of substances through membranes 8. Circulation: Movement of substances within the body                                                             

9. Assimilation: Changing of nutrients into different chemical forms 10. Excretion: Removal of metabolic wastes All 10 of these are called metabolism

Life depends on the availability of the following: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure Both the quality and quantity of these factors are important.

Levels of Organization: Atoms Molecules  Organelles  Cells  Tissues  Organs  organ system  Organism.

Levels of Organization:

Body Cavities NOT cavities: Axial, appendicular parts of human body Dorsal: Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal Ventral: Thoracic (Mediastinum [pericardial cavity], Pleural) Diaphragm,Abdominopelvic cavities (Abdominal and Pelvic cavities)

Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal body cavity Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. Cranial cavity houses the brain. Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity – subdivided into: Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

Membranes Thoracic: Parietal Pleura (walls of L and R Thoracic cavity), visceral Pleura (covers lungs....Pleural cavity between these, Pericardial membranes (surrounds heart) Abdominopelvic cavity: peritoneal membranes line it, Visceral Peritoneum covers each organ, peritoneal cavity between them

Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs

Body Regions 1. The abdominal area can be divided into nine regions and four quadrants

Cavities in the Head (ones you DON’T want filled) Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities