Anatomy & Physiology II Unit Five

The Respiratory System Nasal cavity The Respiratory System Pharynx Epiglottis Oral cavity Glottis Larynx Trachea Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus

Respiratory bronchiole The Respiratory System Bronchiole Pulmonary arteriole Pulmonary venule Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Capillary beds Alveoli

Inspiration & Expiration Respiration is divided into three phases: + ventilation + external respiration + internal respiration

Inspiration & Expiration Ventilation occurs due to differences in pressure Humans mechanically produce an internal pressure that is less than the atmospheric pressure This is called negative pressure breathing

Inspiration & Expiration Intrapulmonary pressure - pressure found inside the lungs (alveoli) Intrapleural pressure - pressure found outside the lungs in the pleural cavity Transplumonary pressure - difference between the two

Inspiration & Expiration

Inspiration & Expiration

Inspiration & Expiration Compliance - the ability of the lungs to stretch and distend Elasticity - lung characteristic produced by large amounts of elastin connective tissues Elastic resistance - the tenancy of elastic fibers to return to original position (elastic recoil)

Inspiration & Expiration

Muscles of Inspiration & Expiration Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes External intercostals Pectoralis minor Internal intercostals Internal intercostals External abdominal obliques Rectus abdominis Diaphragm

Lung Volumes

Ventilation Terminology Eupnea - normal, relaxed quiet ventilation Apnea - temporary cessation of ventilation Dyspnea - labored ventilation

Ventilation Terminology Hyperventilation - ventilation faster than necessary for metabolic demands Hypoventilation - ventilation slower than necessary for metabolic demands

Ventilation Terminology Anoxia - condition in which there is little or no oxygen Pneumothorax - presence of air in the pleural cavity Atelectasis - collapsed lung

Pulmonary Disorders COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder Asthma - obstructive disorder caused by inflammation, mucus secretions & constriction of air passageways

Pulmonary Disorders Emphysema - obstructive disorder caused by destruction of alveolar tissue Bronchitis - obstructive disorder caused by inflammation & the mucus it causes

Pulmonary Disorders Pneumonia - lower respiratory tract infection that causes the alveoli to fill with fluids Tuberculosis - caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis - stimulates the lungs to form nodules

Pulmonary Disorders Cystic fibrosis - a genetic disorder that clogs air passageways by the production of a thick, heavy mucus

Pulmonary Disorders Bronchiogenic carcinoma - lung cancer that arises from the bronchial tubes ~ squamous cell carcinoma ~ small cell carcinoma Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women

Pulmonary Disorders Pulmonary fibrosis - reduced compliance and elasticity due to the accumulation of fibrous connective tissues as a result of lung damage Black lung - form of pulmonary fibrosis due to inhalation of carbon dust