Freshwater Resources and Water Pollution

Properties of Water Molecules of water: H2O Polar molecule 2 Hydrogen atoms 1 Oxygen atom Polar molecule One end slightly positive One end slightly negative

Properties of Water Hydrogen bonds that result from water’s polarity responsible for many of water’s properties High heat capacity (Moderates climate) Universal solvent

The Importance of Water All living things need water Composes majority of the body of organisms Habitat for many organisms Helps regulate climate Shapes earth’s surface Dilutes & degrades wastes

Water on Earth About 97% Earth’s water is salty–less than 1% of the planet’s water is available fresh H2O Fresh water is distributed unevenly 2025: 1/3 human population will live in areas lacking fresh water

Water, water, everywhere? (NOT) Comparison of population sizes and shares of the world’s freshwater among the continents. (Only 7 countries account for 60% of global water availability)

Water Wars Many countries in the Middle East, which has one of the world’s highest population growth rates, face water shortages.

Water wars cont… Most water in this dry region comes from the Nile, Jordan or Tigris rivers. Countries are in disagreement as to who has water rights. Currently, there are no cooperative agreements for use of 158 of the world’s 263 water basins that are shared by two or more countries.

Water wars cont… In India Sardar sarovar dam Fight and disagreement on its sharing Who will use more or no one will use????

The Hydrologic Cycle

Surface Water Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, wetlands Runoff replenishes surface water Watershed Area of land drained by a single river What watershed do we live in?

Groundwater Supply of fresh water found under Earth’s surface--recharged when water at surface infiltrates into the ground Stored in under ground aquifers Discharged into rivers, springs, etc…

Zone of Aeration - Upper soil layers that hold both air and water. Infiltration - Process of water percolating through the soil and into cracks and permeable rocks. Zone of Aeration - Upper soil layers that hold both air and water. Zone of Saturation Lower soil layers where all spaces are filled with water. Water Table - Top of zone of saturation

Evaporation and transpiration Precipitation Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area Flowing artesian well Evaporation and transpiration Confined Recharge Area Evaporation Infiltration Runoff Well requiring a pump Unconfined aquifer Water table Less permeable material such as clay Confined aquifer Confining permeable rock layer Recharge Zone - Area where water infiltrates into an aquifer. -Recharge rate is often very slow. -Presently, groundwater is being removed faster than it can be replenished.

Aquifers - Porous layers of sand, gravel, or rock lying below the water table.

Water Resource Problems Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water

Changes in Surface Runoff Prior to 1970 about 10% of stormwater became runoff Now 55% of stormwater is transported as runoff as development exceeds 75% of the permeable soil area

Stormwater Runoff (greatest contributor to nonpoint source pollution) contains: Nutrients* Metals* Suspended solids* Pesticides Hydrocarbons Microorganisms *Present in nearly 100% of stormwater samples

Too Much Water Heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt, removal of vegetation, and destruction of wetlands cause flooding. Floodplains, which usually include highly productive wetlands, help provide natural flood and erosion control, maintain high water quality, and recharge groundwater. To minimize floods, rivers have been narrowed with levees and walls, and dammed to store water.

Human activities have contributed to flood deaths and damages

Too Little Water Arid & semiarid lands (growing in extent -- desertification) Irrigation required to produce food Greatest use of water (71%)

Aquifer Depletion Removing groundwater faster than it is replenished Lowers water table Land subsidence Saltwater intrusion Salt water seeps into fresh water Occurring in South Florida

Overdrawing Surface Waters Damaging to ecosystems Wetlands dry up (Everglades) Estuaries become too salty (FL Bay) Worldwide, the demand for water is growing as the human population and indvidual consumption continue to grow exponentially Water wars Arial Sea

Sustainable Water Management Goal: sustainable supply of high quality water How do we supply water? Building dams (ex: Columbia River) Diversion (ex: Colorado River) Desalination (ex: FL Keys) - very expensive to build & operate plants

Sustainable water management ‘Save water’ campaigns are essential to make people everywhere aware of the dangers of water scarcity. A number of measures need to be taken These include measures such as: Building several small reservoirs instead of few mega projects. Develop small catchment dams and protect wetlands.

Water Conservation: Agriculture Single largest user of water worldwide Much lost to evaporation or seepage Solution: drip irrigation Perforated pipes distribute water Goes straight to plants Reduces water use 40-60%

Water Conservation: Municipal Solutions: Use gray water Education: modify habits Water-saving fixtures & Appliances Repair leaks Cisterns & rain barrels Water gardens

Water Pollution Physical or chemical change in water that adversely affects the health of humans or other organisms Global problem

Eutrophication Build up of nutrients in a body of water Naturally occurs slowly Humans cause imbalances by creating pulses of nutrients due to over- fertilizing crops & lawns and raising animals in confined areas Nutrients include nitrogen and phosphorus-containing compounds that are essential to life in small quantities but harmful in excess.

Sources of Water Pollution Point source: specific spot Nonpoint source Enters over a large area Runoff (agriculture or, urban lawns) or atmospheric deposition

Groundwater Pollution Sources

Controlling Water Pollution 1. Source Reduction (Pollution Prevention) Cheapest and most effective way to reduce pollution is to avoid producing it or releasing it into the environment. Design products that do not pollute Soil Conservation 2.Ban release of pollutants 3.Reward purchasing environmentally preferable products (e.g. rebates)

Case study : Narayani river The Narayani River of Nepal has been polluted by factories located on its bank. This has endangered fish, dolphins, crocodiles and other flora and fauna of the region.

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