State of the art of alternative vehicles performance Minia University Faculty of Engineering Automotive Department State of the art of alternative vehicles performance By Mohamed Mourad Lecturer at Automotive Department Faculty of Engineering Minia University 2014

Contents Contents Overview about air pollution and its sources Available attempts to prevent air pollution Propagation of alternative vehicle worldwide Evaluation method of Alternative vehicle Outlook on the evaluated papers Summary and conclusions M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 2

Overview about air pollution and its sources Sources of Air Pollution: Industry Pollutants Carbon dioxide Sulphur dioxide Particulates Other Transport mittel Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbon Particulates Sulphur dioxide Pollutants M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 3 7

Different methods to reduce the pollutant emissions from vehicles Available attempts to prevent air pollution Different methods to reduce the pollutant emissions from vehicles Exhaust gas after treatment Engine operating parameters Alternative fuels and vehicles Engine design CNG, LPG &LNG Catalyst converter EGR H2 & Methanol Diesel filter Elec. injection Biodiesel & E-85 Fuel cell & HEV Electric Vehicle M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 4

Propagation of alternative vehicle worldwide EU LPG:~ 710,000 kits CNG:~ 95,000 kits America LPG: ~ 340,000 kits CNG:~ 110,000 kits Russia LPG:~ 420,000 kits CNG:~ 5,000 kits Turkey LPG:~ 300,000 kits CNG: 0 kits Iran LPG: 0 kits CNG:~ 150,000 kits Asia LPG: ~ 1,100 kits CNG: ~ 25,000kits Egypt CNG : ~170,000 cars LPG : 0 cars Latin America CNG:~ 450,000 cars LPG : 0 cars Australia LPG:~ 100,000 kits CNG: 0 kits M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 5

Propagation of alternative vehicle worldwide • Micro hybrids offer 3-4% CO2 reductions, mild hybrid up to 12% and full hybrids up to 20%. IC Engine and transmission improvement Petroleum (conventional sources) 100 % 65 % 40 % 20 % 3 % 0 % 1995 2002 2010 2015 2020 Fuel Cell Vehicle Fuel cell • Fuel cells and pure electric propulsion technologies impact long term, both being zero emission technologies. However the source of electricity is to play a major role in the future. Battery electric Vehicle Electricity Full, mild and micro hybrids Bio fuel (Ethanol, Bio-diesel) • Plug in hybrids could offer as much as 65% CO2 reductions depending on the customer driving characteristics, is seen as a midterm solution. Plug in hybrids Hybrid (conventional + Elec.) • The future of bio fuels pose a challenge with its own share of controversies regarding harvesting of crops. Energy / Fuel Fig. 3: Development alternative fuel for vehicles M. Mourad 29.10..2014 slide # 6

Fig. 5: New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) Evaluation method of Alternative vehicle Fig. 1: Test cycle: New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) Part one “ City cycle“ Part two “Highway cycle" Urban cycle 195 s 40 s 400 s Time, s Vehi cle spe ed, km/ h Elementary Fig. 5: New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) Vehicle speed (km/h) Time (s) Parameter Value Time , s 1220 Distance , km 11.15 Max. speed, km/h 120 Average speed, km/h 53 Max. acceleration, m/s2 1.06 Max. deceleration, m/s2 - 1.39 Idle time, s 291 No. of steps, -- 13 M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 7

Outlook on the evaluated papers CNG system Inlet air Gas mixer Carburetor Cylinder Throttle valve Fuel tank filter Pressure regulator Gas flow-meter Air filter Gauge pressure Fuel pump Solenoid valve CNG cylinder Fuel Cell system Air tank LPG cylinder Manometer Engine Generator LPG system Fig. 6: Schematic diagram of certification emission and performance measurement system main computer Signal Fan Plower Exhaust Driver screen Dyn-controller FLA 202 & 203 signal Chassis Dyn. CNG HEV LPG Fuel Cell Fig. 6: Schematic diagram of certification emission and performance measurement system main computer Signal Fan Plower Exhaust Driver screen Dyn-controller FLA 202 & 203 signal Chassis Dyn. CNG HEV LPG Fuel Cell Fig. 6: Schematic diagram of certification emission and performance measurement system main computer Signal Fan Plower Exhaust Driver screen Dyn-controller FLA 202 & 203 signal Chassis Dyn. CNG HEV LPG Fuel Cell CNG Fuel Cell Fig. 6: Schematic diagram of certification emission and performance measurement system main computer Signal Fan Plower Exhaust Driver screen Dyn-controller FLA 202 & 203 signal Chassis Dyn. HEV LPG M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 8

Outlook on the evaluated papers 100 93 % Idle speed 90 79 % Driving cycle 80 Improvement , % 72 % 70 60 50 40 39 % 30 20 15 % 14.5% 10 CO HC CO2 Fig. 7: Improvement percentage for using CNG instead of gasoline M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 9

Outlook on the evaluated papers 500 Fuel cell vehicle 450 Diesel vehicle Carbon dioxide , g/km 400 Fuel cell vehicle Diesel vehicle Well-to-tank 127.7 182.6 Tank-to-wheel 172.7 Well-to-wheel 355.3 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Well-to-tank Tank-to-wheel Well-to-wheel Fig. 7: CO2 emission of Fuel Cell and Diesel vehicle M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 10

Conclusions Conclusions: M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 11 Alternative fuels in developing countries have been driven by air pollution, balance of payments/import dependence concerns, industrial development aspirations (and increasingly greenhouse gas concerns). There are significant alternative fuel programms in developing countries to learn from (including those that require new infrastructure for CNG and LPG). Alternative fuels programms develop around local energy sources rather than fuel imports. Cost advantages are often location specific. Successful alternative fuels in vehicle are based on social /political actions. M. Mourad 29.10.2014 slide # 11

Thankful for your Attention