Impact of Realistic Tele-Communications for Fast-acting Demand Side Management P. Dambrauskas, M.H. Syed, S.M. Blair, J.M. Irvine, I.F. Abdulhadi, G.M. Burt University of Strathclyde – UK paulius.dambrauskas@strath.ac.uk ETP Annual Conference 2017 10th October 2017

Transformational change in the power grid New measurement and control applications Integration of new energy resources R. Mattioli, K. Moulinos, “Communication network interdependencies in smart grids”, ENISA activities, critical infrastructures and services, Communication network interdependencies in smart grids, 29-01-2016. [Online] Available: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/Resilience-and-CIIP/critical-infrastructure-and-services/communication-network-interdependencies-in-smart-grids

Frequency balancing and demand side resources We need reliable and cheap frequency balancing resources due to the rise of renewable generation Existence of 22 demand side aggregators present in Great Britain shows the interest system operators in smaller and distributed energy resources Intermittency Decreasing Inertia Need Faster resources

Tele-Communications networks: Core BT offers Service Level Agreement guarantees: “On all BTnet Leased Line products, our Service Level Agreement guarantees you a latency of less than 20ms (measured from core UK node to core UK node)” Kitz,“BT 21CN - Network Topology & Technology”, [Online] Available: http://www.kitz.co.uk/adsl/21cn_network.htm, accessed 2017

Tele-Communications networks: WAN According to AT&T, latencies for deployed 4G networks is 40-50ms Ilya Grigorik, “Mobile Networks”, PERFORMANCE OF WIRELESS NETWORKS, CHAPTER 7, 2013. [Online] Available: https://hpbn.co/mobile-networks/, accessed September 2017

Tele-Communications networks: NAN ZigBee is the most well known mesh network technology Low performance (250 kbits/s) Uses shared spectrum Uncertain reliability

Tele-Communications networks: HAN ZigBee is also a technology that is widely used in the house network Uses shared spectrum Uncertain reliability

Performance of tele-communications Note: this presentation is substantiated by :A. Derviskadic; P. Romano; M. Pignati; M. Paolone, "Architecture and Experimental Validation of a Low-Latency Phasor Data Concentrator," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1-1 which shows measured performance of a Core and LTE networks – the results are almost identical to what is presented The overall latency for an activation signal is between 1 and 4.5 seconds

Requirements of ancillary services in UK We need a response to a frequency deviation within 10 seconds for primary frequency response UK’s enhanced frequency response expects a sub second response

Conclusions Communications is the enabler of the smart grid which makes it possible for Domestic loads to be part of ancillary services The role of DSM in ancillary services will depend on the communications technologies used Many technologies with different performance

Future work Analysis of the impact communications can have on frequency balancing using a RTDS based power system -communications test-bed A significant amount of uncertainty about the performance of smart grid enabled applications still remains