Navigation Aids as an Investigative Tool Professor David Last Past-President, Royal Institute of Navigation International Association of Marine Investigators 20th Annual Conference Glyfada, Athens, Greece 15-17 October 2017 Picture: earthobservatory.nasa. gov//newsroom/BlueMarble/ © David Last

Precise records of movements of a fishing boat in a Seychelles lagoon – GPS fixes via Vessel Monitoring System © David Last

Yellow: GPS records, as before Red: Iridium phone position fixes of same vessel © David Last

AIS (Automatic Identification System) evidence © David Last

The Global Positioning System GPS The Global Positioning System Pictures: www.garmin.com,www.bbc.co.uk/news © David Last

Pictures: www.trimble.com © David Last

Positioning, Navigation and Timing © David Last

GPS receiver + Computer TomTom Car Navigator GPS receiver + Computer Picture: www.tomtom.com © David Last

Picture: www.garmin.com

Picture: www.panbo.com

Picture: www.panbo.com

Picture: www. paraben. com, www. msb. com, www. forensicnavigation Picture: www.paraben.com, www.msb.com, www.forensicnavigation.com, www.blackthorn2.com, www.cellebrite.com © David Last

Picture: Audi Bedienungsanleitung englisch 1.05 254.562.742.20 © David Last

The quality of evidence from satnavs and smart phones At its worst … List of addresses, but … No identity, no times or dates No route, no evidence of visit No specific vehicle At its best … Name and home address Addresses in order, favourites Language and preferences Telephone numbers © David Last

© David Last

Pictures: www.life-raft.com

Pictures: www. marinemanagement. org. uk, www. cruisemapper. com, www Pictures: www.marinemanagement.org.uk, www.cruisemapper.com, www.MarineTraffic.com

How accurate is it, then? “95% of GPS position measurements will lie within 5 metres of the true position” Pictures: www.gral-gju.org/examples.php, dreamtimes © David Last

The Culprit!

Satellite and Control System Failures Official announcement: "A significant GPS anomaly occurred on 1 Jan 04... (which) … resulted in the transmission of Hazardously Misleading Information." SVN23 clock failure Sources: Vogel, Macabiau & Suard, ‘Effect of a GPS Anomaly on Different GNSS Receivers’, ION GNSS 2005, Long Beach, CA, Sep 13-16, 2005, www.thedigitalship.com, GLA © David Last

Sources: bbc.co.uk, chronos.co.uk, gpsworld.com

Solar flares “The burst produced 20,000 times more radio emission than the … rest of the sun … and swamped GPS receivers over the entire sunlit side of the Earth.” © David Last

Picture: www.flickr.com/photos/l23productions/1451697290/ © David Last

GPS fixes at Ordnance Survey Monitoring Station   GPS fixes at Ordnance Survey Monitoring Station at Peterborough on 12 August 2011 © David Last

A small jammer on this cliff-top disrupted GPS on vessels out to ranges as wide as the Dover Strait

Low-powered GPS jammer on ship Jammer of less than 1 milliWatt: False positions, and velocities Autopilot may turn vessel But no alarms! With a little more jammer power: Electronic Chart Displays Autopilot Automatic Identification System Differential GPS Satellite voice and data comms Maritime distress safety system plus … Ship’s Radar & Gyrocompass © David Last

Picture: www.wightlink.co.uk

© David Last

Jammers now block: Satellite navigation: Mobile phones: GPS – all frequencies GLONASS – all frequencies Galileo – all frequencies Beidou – all frequencies WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS Mobile phones: 2G, 3G, 4G low and high Communications: TETRA, WiFi, Bluetooth Remote control (multiple bands) Vehicle systems: Lojack (Tracker UK) Car locking systems Pictures: www. jammers4u.com/ © David Last

Pictures: wikipedia.org, dailymail.co.uk, insidegnss.com, youtube.com

© David Last

Low-cost spoofer devices can now seize control of GNSS receivers, forcing them to show any location or time a criminal or terrorist chooses. Pictures: dailymail.co.uk, gpsworld.com. Forbes.com

Picture: www.newscientist.com,rntf.org

Report: https://www. gov

Pictures: https://itunes. apple. com/gb/app/nika-glonass/id668566712 © David Last

GPS plus … GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite Systems andIRNSS (India) GLONASS (Russia) Compass-Beidou (China) QZSS (Japan) GALILEO (Europe) IRNSS (India) … plus all the augmentations: GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Pictures: Bob Cockshott – UK KTN, wwwbidhaabora.com

Pictures: Bob Cockshott – UK KTN

Navigation Aids as an Investigative Tool Professor David Last Past-President, Royal Institute of Navigation International Association of Marine Investigators 20th Annual Conference Glyfada, Athens, Greece 15-17 October 2017 Picture: earthobservatory.nasa. gov//newsroom/BlueMarble/ © David Last