Natural antibiotics III

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
All the following are antibiotics used for gram –ve bacteria.
Advertisements

Antibiotics: Protein Synthesis, Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Metabolism.
Antibiotics By Dr. Humodi A. Saeed Associate Prof. of Medical Microbiology College of Medical Lab. Science Sudan University of Science and Technology E.
Topical Antibiotics.
Antibiotics Bio February 2010 Ethan Richman Ben Kwak Ampicillin, Tetracyclin, and Chloramphenicol.
Drugs acting on bacterial protein biosynthesis
Antibacterial Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis –Very high therapeutic index Low toxicity with high effectiveness β- lactam Drugs –Inhibit peptidoglycan.
Dr. Saba Abdi 1.  Selective toxicity with minimal side effects to host  Easy to tolerate without a complex drug regimen  Bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic.
History Paul Ehrlich Chemotherapy as a science began with Paul Ehrlich in the first decade of last century. Nobel Prize 1908 Ehrlich received the Nobel.
Chapter 37 Aminoglycosides
1 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Bacterial cells are 50% protein by dry weight –Inhibition of protein synthesis leads to cessation of growth or cell death.
Chapter 40 Aminoglycosides and Polymyxins Department of pharmacology Liu xiaokang( 刘小康) 2010,3.
AMINOGLYCOSIDES The different members of this group share many properties in common. The different members of this group share many properties in common.
Antimicrobial Medications (Part I) Supplemental instruction Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 Fall 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 7/27.
Medications for the Treatment of Infections. Antibiotic vs. Antibacterial Used interchangeably Origin of antibiotic includes any antimicrobial agent Antibacterial.
PHL 424 Antimicrobials 5 th Lecture By Abdelkader Ashour, Ph.D. Phone:
Ch 20: Antimicrobial Drugs ChemotherapyThe use of drugs to treat a disease Antimicrobial drugsInterfere with the growth of microbes within a host AntibioticSubstance.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS. ANTIBIOTICS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS. Actions of antibacterial drugs on bacterial cells.
Antibiotics; Inhibitors of Protein and DNA Synthesis LECTURE 11: Microbiology and Virology; 3 Credit hours Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences.
Antibiotics derived from the acetate metabolism
Antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial drugs are effective in the treatment of infections because of their selective toxicity (that is, they have the ability.
Antibiotics Affecting Protein Synthesis Medications for Infection.
INHIBITOR of BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The selectivity for bacterial protein synthesis is caused by differences in the.
Topical Antibiotics. Topical antibiotics help prevent infections caused by bacteria that get into minor cuts, scrapes, and burns. Treating minor wounds.
Topical Antibiotics.
Lecture: 6 MACROLIDES. Among the many antibiotics isolated from the actinomycetes is the group of chemically related compounds called the macrolides.
Antibiotics (anti-microbials)
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
Principles of Medical Science Pharmacology Review
Among the many antibiotics isolated from that genus, several are compounds closely related in structure to streptomycin. Six of them kanamycin, neomycin,
Dr. Abdulaziz Bin Saeedan Department of Pharmacology College of Pharmacy MACROLIDES ANTIBIOTICS.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case M I C R.
Bacteriostatic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Tetracyclines, Macrolides, and Others.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS THEY WORK BY TARGETING BACTERIAL RIBOSOMES AMINOGLYCOSIDES MACROLIDES TETRACYCLINES SPECTINOMYCIN.
Aminoglycosides Antibiotics Dr. yasodha krishna janapati Associate Professor Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences (CHS), Ayder Campus, Mekelle University, Mekelle, ETHIOPIA Introduction: Aminoglycos
PHL 424 Antimicrobials 2nd Lecture By Abdelkader Ashour, Ph.D. Phone:
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS.
Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Medications
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Miscellaneous Antibiotics
4. Antibiotics - Polymyxins (Polypeptides)
Antibiotics By: Noor Hisham Al-Atraqchi M.Sc. pharmacognosy.
Aminoglycosides.
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY ANTIBIOTICS AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS: AN OVERVIEW
By :Lecturer Nabeel Ahmed Al anbagi
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
Introduction to Lab Ex. 14: Antibiotic Sensitivity
Vancomycin Vancomycin has become increasingly important in the treatment of life-threatening infections. MRSA infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus.
CHEMOTHERAPY ANTIBIOTICS Chemical substances produced by microorganisms and have the capacity to inhibit or destroy other organisms . CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC.
AmbashRiaz AdeelaHussain SohailSamual
Course Coordinator Jamaluddin Shaikh, Ph.D.
6th lecture in Antibiotics for biotechnology Other Cell Wall Inhibitors rather than Beta –Lactam Antibiotics (VANCOMYCIN.
Surgical Infection Society Resident Corner
by Dr.Sawsan Sajid & Dr. Ibtesam G.Auda
Chapter 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host – The Elements of Chemotherapy
Antibiotic Sensitivity
Aminoglycosides.
Course Coordinator Jamaluddin Shaikh, Ph.D.
Antimicrobial Medications
Drug Resistance Bacteria are considered resistant to an antibiotic if the maximal level of that antibiotic that can be tolerated by the host does not halt.
Course Coordinator Jamaluddin Shaikh, Ph.D.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Antibacterial Agents: Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Antibiotics
Chapter 38 Aminoglycosides
Other β-lactam A. Carbapenems:
Aminoglycosides Pharmaceutical chemistry Antibacterial Antibiotics
2- Tetracyclines Classification
ANTIBIOTICS They are divided into four categories based on their bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect(mode of action) on various structures and macromolecules.
Presentation transcript:

Natural antibiotics III By : Noor hisham Al Atraqchi M.Sc. pharmacognosy

Macrolides Macrolide antibiotics are typically characterized by macrocyclic lactones having a ring-size ranging between 12-16 atoms and also possess inherent extensive branching through the methyl substituents. However, the macrolactone ring essentially bears a glycosidal linkage to either one or several sugar functions. The various important members of ‘macrolide antibiotics’ are, namely: Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Arithromycin, Troleandomycin; Spiramycins.

Macrolides MOA: The macrolides bind irreversibly to a site on the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thus inhibiting translocation steps of protein synthesis. In general, these antibiotics essentially exhibit a narrow spectrum of antibacterial activity, most importantly against the Gram-positive microorganisms. It is, however the antibacterial spectrum of the macrolides resembles, but is not very much identical to, that of the penicillins; hence, they are valuable alternative or substitute for such patients who are found to be allergic to the penicillins.

Erythromycin Biological Sources : It is produced by cultures Streptomyces erythreus . Waksman and Henrici were the pioneer in finding this antibiotic in a soil sample collected from the Philippine. Erythromycin is, in fact, a mixture containing principally Erythromycin A. Together with small quantum of Erythromycins B and C.

Uses It is found to be most effective against Gram-positive cocci. A low concentration of erythromycin also inhibit mycoplasma and the agent of Legionnaire’s disease. It inhibits the spirochaete Treponema pallidum and is an alternative to penicillin in the treatment of syphilis. It is quite often regarded as the ‘drug-of-choice’ for undiagnosed pneumonias. It is extensively employed as an alternative to b-lactam antibiotics in soft-tissue infections, skin and in respiratory related diseases particularly in penicillin-allergic patients.

Aminoglycosides Biological sources : Aminoglycosides are derived from either Streptomyces species or Micromonospora species. The term “aminoglycoside” stems from their structure—two amino sugars joined by a glycosidic linkage to a central hexose nucleus. MOA: they inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, where they interfere with assembly of the functional ribosomal apparatus and/or cause the 30S subunit of the completed ribosome to misread the genetic code

The major spectrum of activity of the aminoglycosides essentially comprise of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aurous. The aminoglycoside antibiotics include the following members : Amikacin, Gentamycin, Paramycin, kanamycin, Netilmicin, Streptomycin Tobramycin

Gentamycin Biological Sources :It is an antibiotic complex produced by the fermentation of Micromonospora purpurea and M. echinospora. Uses It is currently the most important drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by most aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, besides several strains of Staphylococci. 2. It essentially exhibits a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. 3. It is found to be specifically effective against Pseudomonas, because species of this genus resistant to ‘other antibiotics’ have proved to be an important cause of surgical infections. 4. It is employed topically in the treatment of impetigo, infected bed sores, burns and also in the infections of external-eye.

Streptomycin Biological Sources : Streptomycin was obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus and produced by the soil Actinomycete. Uses 1. It is a potent antibacterial, and more so as a tuberculosstatic agent. 2. Streptomycin exerts its action in the control and management of Yersinia pestis (plague) and tularemia. 3- streptomycin-penicillin used for endocarditis*; and streptomycin- tetracyclin employed for brucellosis. 4. Streptomycin exerts bacteriostatic action in low concentrations and bactericidal in high concentrations to a good number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. Note: The incidence of serious auditory impairment is now recognized

Tetracyclines The tetracyclines are group of broad spectrum orally active actinomycete antibiotics produced by cultures of Streptomyces species, and possessing appreciable therapeutic value. Chlortetracycline was the first member of this group isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens in 1948. . MOA: the drugs bind reversibly to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. This action prevents binding of tRNA to the mRNA– ribosome complex, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis ‘methylation’ and ‘chlorination’ procedures have resulted in the fermentative production of a good number of tetracycline variants, namely: demeclocycline, methacycline, doxycycline, minocycline, lymecycline

Tetracycline Biological Source: It is obtained from Streptomyces species cultured in an appropriate nutrient medium. Preparation: It may be prepared by removal of chlorine from chlortetracycline and subjecting it to hydrogenation. Uses Tetracyclines are generally used in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract and the intestines used in the treatment of infections caused by chlamydia, especially in patients allergic to β- lactams and macrolides. However, their use for these indications has decreased due to widespread development of drug resistance to these compounds. Their most common current use is in the treatment of moderately severe acne and rosacea. In addition, they may be used to treat Legionnaires’ disease.

Polypeptide Antibiotics A group of polypeptides of bacterial origin that are found to comprise of D- and L-amino acids, do exert a marked and pronounced antibiotic activity. These specific antibiotics have two inherent major anomalies, namely: first, very poor absorption from the intestinal tract; and secondly, possess high degree of nephrotoxicity when used systemically. Generally, the polypeptide antibiotics exert a predominantly Gram- positive spectrum; however, there are a few-exceptions that are solely active against Gram-negative organisms, such as: the strongly basic polymyxins. The various important members of ‘polypeptide antibiotics’ are, namely: cycloserine; polymyxin-B; colistin (polymixin-E), bacitrasin; Teichoplanin

Polymyxin B Biological Source: Polymyxins represent a group of cycle polypeptide antibiotics produced by various species of Bacillus. However, polymyxins A to E were primarily isolated from Bacillus polymyxa . MOA: Polypeptide antibiotics act by binding to phospholipids on the bacterial cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria. They have a detergent-like effect that disrupts cell membrane integrity, leading to leakage of cellular components and ultimately cell death.

uses It is used topically in ointments (usually 5000 or 10,000 Units/g) and ophthalmic solutions (10,000 Units/ml). It is used topically either for the treatment or the prevention and treatment of external ocular infections caused by susceptible microorganisms, especially Ps aeruginosa.