Unit 2: Population Chapter 3: Migration

Migration 3 Reasons people migrate: Economic Opportunity Cultural Freedom Environmental Comfort Migration is a type of relocation diffusion 2 way connection: To & From Immigration (I) vs. Emigration (E) Net migration = in – out Demographic equation: Pnew = Pold + B – D + I – E P is population, B is total births, D is total deaths Mobility & Circulation

Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate? Ravenstein’s 11 Laws of Migration Reasons: Mostly economic, some cultural/environmental Push & Pull factors Economic Push & Pull Jobs, resources, industries, pop. growth/decline, money Cultural Push & Pull Forced emigration – slavery, political instability (war, genocide, etc.) Refugees – forced out, cannot return, must be allowed in another country, Africa--largest # of refugees Largest international refugees: Palestinian Arabs, Afghans, Syrians, Iraqis, Somalis (1 million or more for each) Largest internal “refugees” (internally displaced persons): Sudan, Iraq, Colombia, Syria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, Ukraine (each over 1 mil)

Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate? Cultural Push & Pull Over 19.5 million registered international refugees (does not include undocumented refugees or internally displaced persons) Destination (asylum) countries by refugee population: Pakistan, Jordan, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran (1 mil + each) 38.2 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) Voluntary migration – religion, government, freedoms, language, family, cultural similarities Environmental Push & Pull Attractiveness of climate, landforms, water Proximity to conveniences Allergies Push of disease, lack of water, climate, flooding, disasters Intervening Obstacles Hinder migration or block In past, landforms & water Now, political, cultural & economic obstacles (documentation, costs, cultural fears/differences)

Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate? Distance of Migration Most relocate short distances & remain in country Intervening opportunity – closer opportunities/places are more attractive to migrants than equal or slightly better opportunities further away Long distance migrants head for major cities Place utility – perceived desirability of a place vs. other places Internal Migration Within same country & typically shorter distance More numerous (relates to distance-decay) Similar culture/customs 2 types: Interregional – 1 region to another (city to city, state to state, rural in one region to city in another region, etc.) Intraregional – within 1 region (urban to suburbs of city, rural to urban in same region)

Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate? International Migration 1 country to another 2 types: Voluntary – economic push & pull Forced – cultural push & pull Step migration – migration to a distant location in a series of shorter, intermediate migrations Wilbur Zelinsky’s Migration Transition (compare to Demographic Transition) Stage 1 – No migration or migration related to nomadism Stage 2 – International migration with some interregional (urbanization) Stage 3 – mostly interregional (urbanization) Stage 4 – internal, particularly intraregional (suburbs)

Key Issue #1: Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of Migrants For long-distances – most are male & adults w/o kids Gender – most are males looking for jobs Increasing # of women to U.S. from Mexico (changing role of women in Mexico – jobs) Family Status – young adults seeking work, very few are old # of migrating children is increasing recently as # of women increase (education concerns) Most Mexican immigrants go to border states (CA, TX, etc.) but come from interior of Mexico Seasonal migration for farming Return migration to home country often once a certain amount of money is made Many undocumented immigrants have jobs in home country but search for more money Quick employment – low wages, more hours, no benefits, threatened with deportation if complain

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? 3% of world are international migrants (mostly in U.S) Global Migration Patterns Net-out migration – Asia, Latin Amer., Africa Net-in migration – N. America, Europe, Oceania 3 largest migration streams/flows: Asia to Europe Asia to N. America Latin America to N. America LDC’s to MDC’s 12% of U.S, 25% of Australia, 50% of Middle East are immigrants

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? U.S Immigration Patterns 3 Migration Eras: Colonial Immigration from England & Africa (1600-1840) Approx. 2 million Europeans (mostly voluntary) – 90% from Great Britain Approx. 650,000 Africans (mostly forced as slaves) – illegal in 1808 but 250,000 came b/t 1808-1861 19th Century European Immigration (1840-1930) 65 mil Europeans (40 mil to U.S., rest to Canada, Australia, NZ, southern Africa, & S. America) Largest # from Germany, Italy, U.K., Ireland, & Russia Many from Poland but often counted as German or Russian

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? U.S Immigration Patterns 3 Migration Eras: 19th Century European Immigration (1840-1930) 1st Peak (1840’s & 50’s) – up to 250,000 per year, mostly from Northern & Western Europe (Ireland & Germany), economic & political factors (Ex. Potato famine in Ireland) 2nd Peak (1870’s -90’s) – 500,000 per year, had declined during Civil War, mostly from Northern & Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway & Sweden), Industrial Revolution led to Stage 2 of DT (pop. growth, migration for better opportunities) 3rd Peak (1900’s-20’s) – decline in 1890’s due to economic problems, 1 million per year, mostly from Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary), Stage 2 transition

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? U.S Immigration Patterns 3 Migration Eras: Recent Immigration from LDC’s Dropped during Great Depression & WWII (1930’s & 40’s) Increasing since 1950’s From Asia – 1 mil. From China & Japan 1900-1950, 7 mil from Asia 1950-2000 (mostly from China, Hong Kong, Philippines, India, & Vietnam), many also to Canada (British Columbia) From Latin America – 2 mil from 1820-1960, 13 mil from 1960-2005, approx. 400,000 per year in 2000’s, mostly from Mexico, many from Dominican Republic & El Salvador, Stage 2 of DT & poor economic situations U.S. has changed over time – no longer sparsely settled, no longer large amounts of unclaimed land (closing of the frontier), not booming economically

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of Immigration on the U.S. Legacy of European Migration (basically ended in 1914 at start of WWI) Demographic Transition Stage 2 fueled by Industrial Rev. (tech. & healthcare) Promoted efficient agriculture – people pushed off family farms (larger farms & more machinery) Enclosure Movement in Britain – forced farm consolidation People sought factory jobs in cities or moved to U.S. for farmland Europe now in Stage 3 & 4 – no need for U.S. “safety valve” Diffusion of Culture Language (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch) Religion (Christianity) Art, music, literature, philosophy, government, ethics N. & S. America and Australia similar to European culture (sparsely populated before colonialism) Conflict in Africa & Asia due to colonialism (domination, discrimination, drawing of problematic boundaries, etc.)

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of Immigration on the U.S. Undocumented Immigration Desire for immigration > allowed quotas Estimates from 9.3 to 11.1 million in 2005 (5+ mil from Mexico, 2+ mil from Latin Amer., 1 mil from Asia, ½ mil from Europe/Canada, ½ mil other) ½ adult males, ½ women or children About 7.2 million employed (5% of workforce) – farming, cleaning, construction, food service Reasons: Enter legally as tourists or students & don’t leave Slip across border U.S.-Mexico border is 2,000 miles long (many unpatrolled sections) Often purchase forged documents 1.3 million are caught per year and often deported

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of Immigration on the U.S. Destination of Immigrants in U.S. ½ in 4 states – NY, CA (1/4), TX, FL Cluster in coastal or border states or in cities with busy international airports Mexican immigrants to CA, TX, IL, or border states Caribbean to FL (Cubans) or NY (Puerto Ricans) China & India to NY & CA Other Asians to CA Factors: Proximity Clustering near similar immigrants (chain migration) Job availability

Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Immigration Policies of Host Countries U.S. Quota Laws Acts of Congress – Quota Act of 1921 & National Origins Act of 1924 Set quotas (max limits) of people allowed to immigrate into U.S. from each country during a 1-year period 3% of 1910 census #’s from given countries & 2% of 1890 census Designed to keep most immigrants European Immigration Act of 1965 – quotas based on hemispheres not countries (170,000 east & 120,000 west) Global quota of 290,000 in 1978 – now 620,000 with no more than 7% per country Exceptions alter limits – 480,000 family-sponsored & 140,000 job-related Reuniting of families (5 year wait); No limit of family of US citizens Quotas do not apply to refugees Asians use job-related then family-sponsored (chain migration) Brain Drain – loss of quality workers from home country

Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Temporary Migration for Work More common in Middle East (oil-related work) & Europe Guest workers – protected by wage laws, unions Make up much of workforce in many European countries (1/2 of Luxembourg, 1/6 of Switzerland) Europe in Stage 3-5 of DT – low pop. growth or on decline 700,000 legal & 500,000 illegal annually in Europe Take low status, low skill jobs (taxi, garbage, road crews, cleaning, etc.) Low pay but better than home country – reduces unemployment in home country; send money back U.K. very restrictive guest worker laws Mostly from Middle East, N. Africa, Eastern Europe, & Asia Turkey to Germany Algeria & Morocco to France

Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Time Contract Work Recruited for fixed time – many stay permanently after contract expired Indians to Burma/Myanmar, Malaysia, Guyana, S. Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad Japanese & Filipinos to Hawaii, Japanese to Brazil, Chinese to U.S. (1869 trans-continental railroad) 33 million Chinese live in other countries (3/4 of Singapore, 1/3 of Malaysia, 1/10 of Thailand) Many illegal Asian immigrants in Taiwan (Filipinos, Thai, Malaysians)

Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Difference in Economic Migrants & Refugees Migrants – limited; Refugees – special priority From Cuba U.S. considers as refugees since 1959 (Fidel Castro) Communist government 600,000 fled to U.S. after revolution, mostly to FL 1980 – Castro allowed prisoners, criminals, & mental patients to leave (took back about 2,500) 125,000 in Mariel boatlift 20,000 per year since 1987 90-125 miles from Cuba to FL

Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Difference in Economic Migrants & Refugees From Haiti Francois “Papa Doc” & Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier dictatorship – U.S. does not consider as refugees Haitians admitted in lawsuit after 1980 Mariel boatlift 1991 coup of Jean-Bertrand Aristide – many fled but were rejected as refugees (considered economic migrants) 1994 – U.S. & UN peacekeeping invasion to reinstate Aristide & democratic elections Haiti – poorest country in Western Hemisphere From Vietnam 1975 – communist N. Vietnam captures Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) Many tried to flee to U.S on boats (boat people) Some considered refugees but not all (economic vs. political) 800,000 to U.S. & 1 million to other countries

Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Cultural Problems Faced While Living in Other Countries U.S. Attitudes 19th century – suspicious but viewed as important to settle frontier & extend U.S. control across continent Opposition grew when immigrants came mainly from southern & eastern Europe (Russia, Italy, Poland, etc.) Viewed as criminals, inferior, resistant to assimilation Asians viewed suspiciously – language, religion Hispanics prejudiced against – all assumed illegal; language CA voters denied access to public services (education, healthcare, etc.) for undocumented immigrants – not constitutional & hard to enforce

Key Issue #3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Cultural Problems Faced While Living in Other Countries Attitudes Towards Guest Workers In Europe (Typically young, single males who send money home): Suffer from poor social conditions Little money, food, housing, entertainment Lonely, unfamiliar with language & culture Regarded as temporary but actually permanent – often joined by families later Suspicions, dislike, political restrictions, attacks increasing In Middle East: Fear political unrest & abandoning of traditional Islam Force return to marry, prevent return with spouse or children Reduced # of guest workers due to reduced economic growth Anti-immigration policies – somewhat discriminatory, claim to reduce unemployment & taxes

Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Internal Migration 2 types: interregional & intraregional Less disruptive than international Interregional Migration (between regions) In past, for farmland (settling of frontier) Today, economic push & pull factors (jobs) Migration Between Regions of U.S. Changing Center of Population 1790 – near Baltimore (on Atlantic coast) Appalachians & Native Americans as intervening obstacles Need for shipping links to Europe (coast & navigable rivers)

Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Migration Between Regions of U.S. Early Settlement of Interior 1830 – center of pop near Moorefield, WV (VA at the time) People attracted by large amounts of cheap land Transportation – 1816 – 1840 canals (1825 Erie Canal – NYC to Great Lakes & St. Lawrence River) 1880 – center near Cincinnati, OH CA Gold Rush in 1849 Interior (Great Plains) considered bad for farming (Zebulon Pike) – but now is one of richest farming regions in world Settlement of Great Plains Agriculture improvements – barbed wire, steel plow, windmills, well drilling (water pumping) Transportation – RR’s , 1869 Transcontinental RR, RR land grants from gov’t then sold to farmers/ranchers 1980 – pop center W of MS River for 1st time (in MO) 2000 – pop center in south-central Missouri Population center has moved steadily West, then South & West

Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Migration Between Regions of U.S. Recent Growth of the South Pop center moved south beginning in 1920s (sharp in 50s) Net-in migration to South Reasons: Job opportunities Sun Belt (climate, outdoor recreation) Decline of Rust Belt manufacturing Business moving south (right-to-work, tax incentives, lower land & labor costs, etc.) Avg. income lower in South (improving – much lower in mid and early 1900’s) African Americans have an opposite trend – South to North (Great Migration) for jobs & leaving discrimination in South Slowing interregional migration in U.S. Even job prospects in all regions Expansion & contraction of service sector at similar rates across the U.S.

Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Migration Between Regions of Other Countries Russia (pop. clustered in west near Europe) In USSR (Soviet Union), built factories near raw materials – had to relocate people (forced then incentive-based) Russian Far East (Siberia) filled with minerals & resources Few migrated because of harsh climate & distance Fall of USSR ended migration policies Brazil Clustered along Atlantic coast in big cities Tropical interior (Amazon Rain Forest) Moved capital to Brasilia (600 miles in-land) in 1960 Indonesia Since 1969 – gov’t paid for migration of 5 mil from Java to other islands (Java contains 2/3 of pop) People received land, housing materials, seed, & food Much of land unsuitable to farm & disturbed indigenous people

Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Migration Between Regions of Other Countries Europe Highest in-migration in highest per capita income areas Italy – poorer South (Mezzogiorno) move to industrial North for jobs (better farming also in Po River valley) UK – movement from North (where Industrial Rev began – declining industry) to South (near London) Advantage to be close to center of Europe (EU) India Gov’t requires permits to migrate or visit state of Assam in NE India (protect ethnic identity of Assamese) Assam also close to neighboring country of Bangladesh

Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Intraregional Migration (within 1 region) Since 1800, most common intraregional is rural to urban 1800 – 5% of world in cities, now at 50% Rural to Urban Migration Began in 1800’s in Europe & N. America (Industrial Rev.) Now ¾ urban in most developed countries (has stabilized – very little new urbanization) Rapid urbanization in LDC’s Worldwide – 20 mil per year rural to urban (mostly in LDC’s) Move for economic reasons (jobs, leaving farms) Ex. of Sao Paulo (Brazil) – 300,000 per year but many must live in squatter settlements (favelas) that lack electricity, running water, sanitation, healthcare, education, paved streets, fire/police, etc.

Key Issue #4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Intraregional Migration (within 1 region) Urban to Suburban (Suburbanization) 2x Americans move from urban to suburbs vs. suburbs to urban per year (similar in other MDC’s) Usually not related to employment Reasons: suburban lifestyle, detached house vs. apartment, private yard, more space, safety, garage/driveway for free parking, better schools, easy transportation back to cities, suburban sprawl (rapid growth on former farmland) Metropolitan to Non-Metropolitan Areas New trend of counter-urbanization - movement back to small town/rural lifestyle (slower pace, raise veggies/animals, factories in small towns), modern communication & transportation (lack of isolation in MDC’s – TV, Internet, satellite, ATM/EBT, mail Retirees seeking easy living or access to outdoor leisure In France – attracted by beaches/climate in south & moving home Counter-urbanization has stalled in U.S. – economy struggling