The Confederation and the Constitution, 1776-1790 Cover Slide The American Pageant Chapter 9 The Confederation and the Constitution, 1776-1790 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

1779 South Carolina Continental currency Every state issued paper money to finance its part in the Revolution. Because this currency had little solid backing, it lost value almost immediately. By the time these South Carolina notes were printed, their real value was only 10 percent of their face value. One outcome of such drastic drops in the value of money was that even inelegant dressers like patriot Samuel Adams had to pay $2,000 for a new hat and suit. (Eric P. Newman Numismatic Education Society) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Bust of George Washington by Jean-Antoine Houdon When the great French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon prepared this bust of George Washington in 1785, he chose to show the revolutionary leader in classical garb rather than in contemporary clothing. Such images linked the aspirations of the new nation to the ancient republics American thinkers revered. (Collection of Dr. Gary Milan) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

First draft of the Constitution with wide margins for notes, August 6, 1787, folios 1 and 5 In August of 1787 a first draft of the Constitution was secretly printed in Philadelphia for the use of convention members. Wide margins left room for additions and amendments, such as those made on this copy by Pierce Butler, the South Carolina delegate. Note that in this early version the preamble does not yet read "We the people of the United States," but instead begins by listing the individual states. (The Gilder Lehman Collection, on deposit at the Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, New York) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

General Daniel Shays, Colonel Job Shattuck, artist unknown An anti-Shays cartoonist depicts Shays and a key supporter as bogus military officers who sought power and threatened the people's liberty. (National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, New York) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

James Madison by Charles Willson Peale, 1783 James Madison described himself as "feeble" and "sickly" and suffered all his life from dizzy spells and stomach disorders. But this small, shy Virginia planter and lawyer won the respect of his colleagues as a brilliant political theorist during the drafting of the Constitution, and later as a genius for organizing the machinery of party politics. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Jefferson/Hartley manuscript map, 1784 In 1784 Thomas Jefferson proposed a scheme for organizing the new nation's western lands. His plan divided the region on a grid pattern, yielding fourteen new states (with names such as "Metropotamia" and "Pelisipia") composed of 19-mile-square "hundreds." After a year of debate, Jefferson's plan was replaced by the one adopted in the Land Ordinance of 1785, which is described in the text. (Clements Library, University of Michigan) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

John Marshall by Charles B.J. Fevret De St. Memin, crayon, 1801 John Marshall (1755–1835) was chief justice of the United States from 1801–1835. He posed for this portrait by the French artist Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret de Saint-Memin in 1801, the year he joined the Court. The artist captured the power and strength with which Marshall would dominate the Court. (Duke University Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Patrick Henry by Thomas Sully, 1815 A Virginia planter and lawyer, Patrick Henry may have acquired his oratorical brilliance from his father, a fiery Virginia preacher. Henry chose politics rather than the pulpit, and throughout the 1760s and 1770s he stirred the House of Burgesses to resist British policy and the British king. ( Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Federal Procession in New York The unknown artist of The Federal Procession in New York, 1788, captured the jubilant mood of Americans as they celebrated their new Constitution with parades, bonfires, and banquets. As the "Ship of State" float indicates, New Yorkers were particularly eager to acknowledge the role of their own Alexander Hamilton in launching the new government. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Disputed Territorial Claims, Spain and the United States, 1783-1796 Map: Disputed Territorial Claims, Spain and the United States, 1783-1796 Disputed Territorial Claims, Spain and the United States, 1783-1796 The two nations' claims to lands east of the Mississippi and north of the thirty-first parallel were a principal point of contention until the Treaty of San Lorenzo was ratified in 1796. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Federalist and Antifederalist Strongholds, 1787-1790 Federalists drew their primary backing from densely populated areas along major transportation routes, where trade, mobility, and frequent contact with people in other states encouraged a nationalistic identity. Antifederalist support came from interior regions where geographic isolation bred a localistic perspective. However, some westerners, especially in Georgia and western Virginia, voted for a strong central government that would push back the Indians or the Spanish. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Northwest Territory, 1785-1787 The Ordinance of 1785 provided for surveying land into townships of thirty-six sections, each supporting four families on 160-acre plots (approximately twenty-five people per square mile). In 1787 the Northwest Ordinance stipulated that states would ultimately be created in the region. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The United States in 1787 This map shows the extent of American westward settlement in 1787 and the limits placed on that settlement by French and Spanish claims west of the Mississippi and in Florida. Plans for the creation of three to five states in the Northwest territory were approved by Congress in 1787, ensuring that the settlers in this region would enjoy the same political rights as the citizens of the original thirteen states. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Western Land Claims and Cessions, 1782-1802 After the United States achieved independence, states competed with each other for control of valuable lands to which they had possible claims under their original charters. That competition led to a series of compromises among the states or between individual states and the new nation, which are indicated on this map. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.