The First People

The First People Nomads moved from place to place The first people were Paleo Paleo = Ancient

Paleo People Believed to have appeared after first ice age Walked from Asia to North America Some dry places now had water then

Clues: Stone tools, skeletons of large animals No clues to housing Story telling Columbus called them Indians because he thought he reached India

Folsom 1908: First discovery McJunkin found skeletons of large animals Giant bison bones had the Folsom point lodged in them

Giant Bear Giant Bison Woolly Mammoths Giant Ground Sloth Saber tooth tiger Giant Bison

Clovis Point 1928: Second discovery Ridgley Whiteman (boy scout) Mammoth bones found with the Clovis point

Clovis Point Bigger than Folsom Clovis thought to be before Folsom people Bigger point= bigger game

Clovis Folsom

Clovis vs. Folsom Clovis and Folsom = Paleo Spears = rock and animal horns Gathered seeds, roots, and nuts

What happened? Some believed they left due to lack of food Others believe the drought killed them Many believe a combination of these

Adapting The climate became warmer Spruce and birch adapted Bison adapted but the mammoth could not

DAILY QUESTIONS What does Paleo mean? Who were the first paleo people? What happened to the Paleo people?

ANSWERS Paleo means ancient Clovis and Folsom Either moved to another area or starved due to the drought

Archaic People

Who were they? Came after the Paleo people Not as nomadic Built seasonal housing Hunted smaller animals

Following the Seasons Summer they lived near marshes Ate lizards, insects, mice, gophers, and collected duck eggs

Ricegrass seeds Cattails Sunflower Seeds

Following the Seasons Late summers = mountains and mesas Dried animal meat for winter Fall = deserts Winter = foothills

Farmers Archaic people dug canals Food producers rather than food gatherers Developed a more complex society and culture

Sculptures Baskets Pottery

Pithouses Built homes they could return to First housing = pithouse Saved tools for later

Hunting Most important discovery = atatl The atatl made hunting more effective

Atlatl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHgUMUk3YwY

Basketry Used for storing seeds and other food Agave and Yucca fibers were used 1000 mouse skins = 1 robe

Grinding Seeds Seeds = flour Mano = small stone Metate = larger, flatter stone

DAILY QUESTIONS What did the Archaic people leave behind in the pithouses for the following year? What two fibers were used to make baskets? How many mouse skins did it take to make one robe?

ANSWERS The Archaic people left tools behind for the following year They used Agave and Yucca fibers to make baskets It took 1000 mouse skins to make one robe

Mogollon People

Background Named after Mogollon Mt. Full-time farmers Planted crops on mesas Could not build large irrigation canals

Used small dams instead Still were hunter-gatherers First to develop and use a bow and arrow Always had fresh fruit

Village Life Made up of pithouses Centered a Kiva Kiva – sacred area Sipapu = passageway to underworld Kachina = spirit Women were not allowed in kivas

Pithouse to Pueblo Began building multi-room houses Spanish called these villages Pueblos Mogollon learned from Ancestral Pueblo people

What happened? Moved to a different area Joined the Ancestral Pueblo people Disperssed

Ancestral Pueblo People

Background Anasazi = first pueblo group Anasazi means “ancient enemy” Ancestral Puebloans = ancient ones

Farmers Mesas and canyons Colorful corn Used the canyon walls for irrigation

Dry Farming Worked well with high elevations Used dead plants to prevent moisture from escaping

DAILY QUESTIONS Who were the first people to use a bow and arrow? What does Anasazi mean in Navajo? What did the Ancestral Puebloans leave behind to prevent moisture from escaping?

ANSWERS Mogollon people were the first to use a bow and arrow Anasazi means “ancient enemy” in Navajo Ancient Puebloans used dead plants

Pueblo Housing Pueblos were first used for storage Built with hand cut stones Each Pueblo had at least one Kiva

Pueblos

Protection and Storage Ground floors had no doors or windows Ground levels were for storage

Social Structure Matriarchal society Labor was shared Religious and Government the men held the power

Art Skilled Craftsmen Pottery, jewelry, clothing, petroglyphs, pictographs Designs showed hunters, animals, & other important images of the world

Petroglyphs: A rock carving Pictograph: A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase

What Happened? 13th century brought a drought Ancestral Puebloans moved south Zuni, Hopi, and Acoma

Cliff Dwellings Chaco Canyon abandoned around A.D 1150 Housed 10-15 families Hidden from view

Chaco Canyon Largest Puebloan community Pueblo Bonito Great North Road: Network of roads

Sun Dagger https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=0OrrcsYk22Q

DAILY QUESTIONS What were Pueblos first used for? Why did the Puebloans build in the side of the Mesas? What did the designs on Pueblo pottery show?

ANSWERS Pueblos were first used for storage Puebloans built in the side of Mesas because the forest and Mesa offered protection from their enemies The designs showed hunters, animals, and other important images of the world around them

What symbols do you see in each of the images? Egyptian Native American What symbols do you see in each of the images? What might the symbols represent? What differences do you see? Do you think the two ancient civilizations were connected? Why or why not?

Non-Pueblo Indians Navajo and Apache = Dine Athabascan = common language

Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers 1500s, still nomadic Some planted crops, but didn’t settle A.D 1200 arrived from Canada

Trading and Raiding Traded with the Ancestral Puebloans Tough times they raided Stole: Food, weapons, tools, women, and children

Navajo Largest group of Native Americans Navajo Nation is the largest in the country Second largest tribe in NM Sheepherding and growing corn

Navajo Housing Hogan = a place home 5+ sides No windows Door always faces east Today they are ceremonial places

Hogan

Sand Paintings Harmony and balance with nature Medicine men make sand paintings to heal the sick Important colors: white, blue, yellow, and black

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXVEgyfaEmk

Blessingway Songs and chants that keep the Navajo in balance with the universe Protection over homes, expecting mothers, and right of passage

DAILY QUESTIONS What do the Apache and Navajo call themselves? What are the four important colors in Sand Paintings? What do the four colors represent?

ANSWERS They call themselves Dine The four colors are white, blue, yellow, and black They represent the four sacred mountains

Apache Fierce Warriors Zuni called them Apachu meaning enemy Don Juan de Onate changed Apachu to Apache

Nomadic Housing was temporary Teepee and the wickiup Teepees were taken Wickiups were left behind

Wickiup Teepee

Tribal Unity Lack of unity Organized into bands Bands = 20-30 family members Decisions were made by the whole

Religious Practices Not as important Curing ceremony Good shaman = more influence than the chief Navajo, Pueblo, and Christian

Right of Passage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B3Abpv0 ysM

Modern Apache Two main Apaches = Jicarilla and Mescalero Mescalero is the larger of the 2 Jicarilla is in Rio Arriba

DAILY QUESTIONS Who changed the Apache’s name from Apachu to Apache? What is the difference between a teepee and a wickiup? What three religions do Apaches draw their religious beliefs from?

ANSWERS Don Juan de Onate changed their name from Apachu to Apache A teepee is movable, but a wickiup was left behind They draw their religious beliefs from Navajo, Pueblo, and Christian