CT1303 LAN Asma AlOsaimi

Network standards Standards determine: Techniques used in the networks. Its protocols. Network specifications and features

LAN standards Ethernet LAN standards: 1982 by Xerox, Digital, Intel Use CSMA/CD protocol Transmission rate: 1-10 Mbps Standards include: Coaxial cable. Bus topology. Number of projects and standards have been conducted by many associations of IEEE called project IEEE-802 for LAN standards.

IEEE 802 LAN standardization is done OSI Data Link Layer (Layer 2) by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronical Engineers) The IEEE LAN/MAN standards committee 802 was founded in February 1980 OSI Data Link Layer (Layer 2) was originally designed for point-to-point line communication but LAN is multipoint line, shared media Therefore OSI Layer 2 had to be split into two sublayers Logical Link Control (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC)

Ethernet OSI Modell 802.2 802.3 Ethernet

IEEE 802 Working Groups IEEE Standard Boards IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standard Committee 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group 802.3 Ethernet Working Group 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group 802.24 Smart Grid Technical Advisory Group IEEE 802 Working Groups Details: 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group 802.2 Logical Link Control Working Group (Inactive) 802.3 Ethernet Working Group 802.4 Token Bus Working Group (Inactive) 802.5 Token Ring Working Group 802.6 Metropolitan Area Network Working Group (Inactive) 802.7 Broadband TAG (Inactive) 802.8 Fibre Optic TAG 802.9 Isochronous LAN Working Group 802.10 Security Working Group 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group 802.12 Demand Priority Working Group 802.13 Not Used 802.14 Cable Modem Working Group (Archive information is currently being moved, not available) 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group P802.3bj 100 Gb/s Backplane & Copper Cable P802.3bk Extended Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPON) P802.3bm 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Operation over Fiber Optic Cables P802.3bq 40GBASE-T

IEEE 802 Active Working Groups 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group 802.3 Ethernet Working Group 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network Working Group 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group (WiMAX) 802.18 Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Group 802.19 Wireless Coexistence Working Group 802.21 Media Independent Handoff Working Group 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks Working Group 802.24 Smart Grid Technical Advisory Group

IEEE 802 Inactive and Disbanded Working Groups 802.2 Logical Link Control Working Group Inactive 802.4 Token Bus Working Group Disbanded 802.5 Token Ring Working Group Inactive 802.6 Metropolitan Area Network Working Group Disbanded 802.7 Broadband Technical Advisory Group Disbanded 802.8 Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group Disbanded 802.9 Integrated Services LAN Working Group Disbanded 802.10 Security Working Group Disbanded 802.12 Demand Priority Working Group Inactive 802.14 Cable Modem Working Group Disbanded 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group Inactive 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access WG Inactive 802.23 Emergency Services Working Group Disbanded

LAN standards: IEEE LAN 802

LAN IEEE-802 LAN IEEE-802.1: Concerned with: Network Layer: internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs and WANs. LAN IEEE-802.2: Concerned with: Logical Link Control LLC sub-layer DLL in IEEE standards : MAC+LLC

LAN IEEE 802.2

LAN IEEE 802 Based on Ethernet standards IEEE 802.3: concerned with: CSMA/CD protocol. ~ similar to Ethernet Differ to Ethernet: not only Coaxial Cables used + not only Bus topology used: Ring …etc Transmission rate: more than 10Mbps, 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet and 1000 Mbps Giga Ethernet. It has numbers of sub-standards related to Ethernet, Fast Ethernet LANs: type of transmission media, network length, transmission media, type of signal … etc

LAN IEEE 802.3

Ethernet IEEE 802.3 Overview Fiber Twisted Pair Coax Rarely used 40/100Gbps 802.3ba-2010 10GBase-T 802.3an-2006

LAN IEEE 802.3 802.3 standards name contain 3 parts: 1st part: Transmission rate: 10 Mbps , 100 Mbps … etc 2nd part: transmission type and signal: Base: base band: digital signal Broad: Broadband: analog 3rd part: maximum network length or type of transmission media. 5 (10 Base 5): 500m T (10 Base T): Twisted pair F (100 Base FX): Fiber Optics.

LAN IEEE 802.3

LAN IEEE 802 Giga Ethernet: Transmission rate: 1 Gbps: 1000Mbps name: 802.3Z Has several types based on the transmission media used:

Ethernet LAN 802.3 technologies Technologies used in he previous standards includes: Data Frames. MAC protocol type. type of transmission media. coding techniques. network topology.

Data Frame for Ethernet and 802.3 networks All 802.3 networks and Ethernet networks use MAC protocol of type CSMA/CD and similar type of data frame. 802.3 standards use frame length: 1518 byte ( preamble and CRC is not included) Minimum frame length: 64 byte ( length enough to detect collisions if occurred)

802.3 data frame

802.3 data frame

802.3 data frame Pre-amble حقل التزامن : 7 byte. Used for synchronization. Start Frame Delimiter (SFD)حقل البدء : 1 byte. Destination address عنوان المرسل إليه : 6 byte ~ can be minimized to 2 byte. Physical address. Source address عنوان المرسل : Frame length fieldحقل طول الاطار : 2 byte ~ 802.3 networks Type of protocol of the upper layer ~ Ethernet.

802.3 data frame LLC data حقل بيانات الطبقة الاعلى: 1500 byte – 64 byte length, includes: Error Detection field (Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC): حقل اكتشاف الاخطاء 4 byte.

IEEE LAN standards Ethernet LAN (by Xerox): Topology: Bus Transmission Media: Thick Coaxial Cable. Signal: Digital. Encoding Technique: Manchester. Devices used: Transceiver: To manage the access to the channel Has MAC protocols (CSMA/CD) External device ( out of the PC) Connect the coaxial cable.

Ethernet LAN Transceiver Cable: DB-15 connector ( similar to AUI). Maximum length 50 m Consists of 5 pairs of UTP; 2 pairs for sending and receiving data, 2 pairs for controlling the data, 1 for voltage and electricity. Controller: To send controlling commands Has Logical Link Control LLC protocol mechanism. It is inside PC.

Ethernet LAN

10Base5 Introduced in 1980 as part of the original IEEE 802.3 standard. Transmits 10 Mbps over a single thick coaxial cable bus. The primary benefit of 10Base5 was its length: up to 500m without a repeater. 10Base5 uses Manchester encoding. The thick and sturdy cable was difficult to install and was therefore called Thick Net or due to its color Yellow Cable.

10 Base 5 standards The primary benefit of 10Base5 was its length : Maximum network length: 500 m Transmission media: Thick Coaxial RG-8 ,RG-11 Topology: bus Signal: digital, Manchester encoding Devices used: Medium Attached Unit MAU ~ Transceiver Attached Unit Interface AUI ~ Transceiver Cable Network Interface Card NIC:LLC protocols mechanisms , inside PCs

10 Base 2 standards Transceiver or MAU is embedded into NIC to control and connecting to channel. Transmission media: thin Coaxial RG-58 Network length: 185m , repeaters can be used to extend network length. Topology: bus Signal: digital, Manchester encoding. Devices used: cables, BNC-T , BNC connectors, NICs

10 Broad 36 standards Signal: analog NRZ encoding. Topology: bus, tree Network length: 1800 m, 3600m with repeaters. 100 devices can be connected in 1 cable Pair of cables: sending, receiving cable, or 1 cable and dividing frequency bandwidth to sending and receiving parts. TV. Cables can be used. Network can be used for T.V broadcast + LAN devices: used: Head End: in top of network to transmit signals from sending cable to receiving cable Modems: module signals . NIC: CSMA/CD

10 Broad 36 standards

10Base-T Introduced in 1990. 10base-T uses cheap and easy to install Cat 3 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) copper cable rather than coaxial cable. The UTP cable is plugged into a central connection device that contains the shared bus => Hub. Preferred Topologies: Star and Extended Star. Originally 10Base-T was a half-duplex protocol, but full-duplex features were added later. 10Base-T also uses Manchester encoding. Due to their high attenuation 10Base-T links can have unrepeated lengths of up to 100 m. UTP cable uses RJ-45 connectors with eight pins. Cat 3 cable is adequate for use in 10Base-T networks, although Cat 5e or better is strongly recommended for any new cable installations.

Figure 5-14 A 10Base-T network Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition

Figure 5-15 A 10Base-T network Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition

Fast Ethernet standards 100 Base T4 100 Base TX 100 Base FX

Fast Ethernet: 100 Base T4 4 pairs of twisted pairs: 3 pairs for sending and receiving data, 1 pair for detecting collisions. Transmission rate on each pair: 100/3=33.3 Mbps Digital signal, NRZ ~ 8B6T 8 bit\6T (Ternary): Each 8 bits transformed to a symbol of 6 symbols (0,+,-) Maximum cable length: 100m Star topology Maximum network length: 200m Devices: same as 10 Base T : hubs, NICs

Fast Ethernet: 100 base TX Devices used: hubs, NIC 2 pairs of twisted pairs: 1 pair for sending, 1 for receiving data. Maximum cable length: 100m Maximum network length: 200m Transmission media: UTP- Cat5 or STP Digital signal, NTZ-I ~ 4B/5B ( to better detection errors, synchronization)

Fast Ethernet : 100 Base FX Ethernet + Fiber Optics Light signal for digital data of type NRZ-I ~ 4B/5B Pairs of Fiber Optics; 1 sending, 1 receiving Maximum cable length: 100m. Maximum network length: 400m

Giga Ethernet standards Transmission rate: 1Gbps~1000Mbps. CSMA/CD as a MAC protocol. Star, tree topology. Hub, switch to connect devices and servers. Data frame is similar to Ethernet data frame but: Minimum frame length: 4096 bit NOT 512 bit(64byte) Digital signals; 8B/10B

Giga Ethernet standards

Giga Ethernet standards 1000 BASE SX: Pair of Multimode Fiber Optics. Maximum cable length: 275m ~ 62.5mm diameter, 500m ~ 50mm diameter. Light signal. 1000 BASE CX: STP. Maximum cable length : 25m. 1000 BASE T: 4 pairs of UTP-Cat5, 100m

Token passing standards IEEE 802.5 standards has been developed to specify some standards for Ring Topology networks that used Token Passing Protocol as its main MAC protocol. It can be used also in Star topology network that has MAU Medium Access Unit to connect devices, but logically works as Ring design by passing Token. It differs that Ethernet with the data frame fields and its contents

Token passing standards

Token passing standards

Token passing standards Starting Delimiter SD: Jk0jk000( j,k) is used to define starting of frame. Access Control AC: Manage accessing channel among devices and nodes. Frame Control FC: To exchange commands to control channel access. Destination, Sender Address. 48 bit Physical address, by manifacturer.

Token passing standards Data field: Data, control commands. Frame Check Sequence FCS: Using CRC as an error detection method. End Delimiter ED: Bits to till receiver that no data are coming next. Frame Status: If received or not.

Token passing standards

Summary of Common Ethernet Standards Table 5-1 Common Ethernet standards Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition

Figure 5-16 Multiple types of Ethernet on a WAN Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition

Ethernet_II (DIX) Developed by DEC, Intel, Xerox (abbreviated DIX) Before IEEE Contains 2-byte type field Identifies the Network layer protocol Most commonly used on contemporary Ethernet networks Figure 5-17 Ethernet II (DIX) frame Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition

PoE (Power over Ethernet) IEEE 802.3af standard Supplying electrical power over Ethernet connections Two device types PSE (power sourcing equipment) PDs (powered devices) Requires Cat 5 or better copper cable Connectivity devices must support PoE Compatible with current 802.3 installations Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition

PoE (cont’d.) Figure 5-18 PoE capable switch Figure 5-19 PoE adapters Courtesy D-Link North America Courtesy D-Link North America Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition

Additional Recourses Rehab Alfallaj (2015) Ethernet  [PowerPoint slides].  Andreas Steffen( 2013) Ethenet  [PowerPoint slides].