Quiz 1

Lesson 2: The Theories of Leadership “A leader takes people where they want to go. A great leader takes people where they don’t necessarily want to go, but ought to be.” -Rosalynn Carter Lesson 2: The Theories of Leadership

1. What is the evolutionary process of leadership theories? Great man theories were the first attempt in studying leadership. -Based on the idea that leaders are “born.” Additional approaches have been developed— trait theories, behavioral theories, and modern-day contingency theories. Emphasis today is that leadership styles should match the situation at hand, which is a contingency approach.

2. What are the major conclusions of the trait theories? First major study searched for traits that differentiated leaders from followers. Researched focused heavily on personality characteristics. Stogdill/Mann identified five important traits found more in leaders than followers. Intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. Intelligence most important. Leadership skills can be developed and nurtured. Organizations need to spend time and resources in training leaders to acquire certain desirable traits.

3. What is the skills approach to leadership? Robert Katz’s research surfaced a set of skills for leadership success. Skill 1-“Technical skills” involving hands-on activity. Skill 2 -“Human skills” which is the ability to work with people. -Greatest asset to have. Skill 3 -“Conceptual skills” having ability to work with ideas and concepts.

4. What are the major conclusions of the behavioral Theories? The 1940s saw that leadership effectiveness was dependent upon leader behavior. Rensis Likert’s Michigan Studies surfaced two forms of leader behavior—job-centered (production) and employee-centered. -Attempt made to balance task and relationship emphasis. University of Michigan Studies Identified 2 Leadership Behaviors Employee-Centered Production-Centered Leaders interested in their subordinates as people, encourage worker participation in the organizational goal-setting process. Leaders emphasized technical aspects of job, set job standards, close supervision of subordinates.

4. Behavioral Theories continued Ohio State Studies also revealed two leadership forms. -Used questionnaire to assess employee perceptions of leaders. -Consideration behavior (concern for feelings). -Initiating structure (defining roles).

4. Behavioral Theories continued Managerial/Leadership Grid developed by Blake & Mouton. -Two dimensions similar to Michigan/Ohio State Studies. -Concern for subordinates and concern for production/results. -9.9 is the ideal team approach on grid-balance of task and relationship. -This research influenced modern contingency approaches of today.

5. What are the major components of the Contingency Theories? Contingency theory identifies: -Key situational factors, -Specifies how they interact, and -Determines best leadership approach. -This is called situational leadership.

5. Contingency Theories continued Fred Fiedler developed the Contingency Theory. -Effectiveness depends on situation. Fiedler measured it by using the Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Scale -Three factors are identified: -Leader-member relations, -Task structure, and -Leader position power.

5. Contingency Theories continued Situational leadership is built upon the contingency theory, and refined by Ken Blanchard in the 1980s. Leadership is composed of both a directive and supportive dimension. Coaching and delegating were added to provide four styles.

5. Contingency Theories continued Path-Goal Theory developed by Evans & House. -Adapting leadership to the situation. -Leader can impact performance of others by offering paths to desired goals. -Rewards contingent on increased performance.

5. Contingency Theories continued Four leader behaviors: -Directive: gives specific guidance and direction. -Supportive: provides assistance. -Participative: hand-in-hand with subordinates. -Achievement Oriented: sets challenging goals and has high expectations. Best style to use is to adapt to the participative leadership style.

Path Goal Theory & Situational Leadership

Stars Wars Activity- Pg. 2-11 Directive Leadership – occurs when the leader tells the subordinates exactly what is expected. , gives specific guidance & directions, and defines standards & measurements of performance. Supportive Leadership – leader is friendly & approachable, provides assistance, shows high concern for well-being & welfare, & treats all group members as equals. Participative Leadership – the leader works hand in hand with subordinates, consults with workers about issues, & carefully considers all input & suggestions before making final decisions. Achievement-oriented Leadership – the leader sets challenging goals for the employees to perform at their highest levels.

6. Differentiate Between Transactional and Transformational. Two emerging leadership perspectives: -Transactional which focuses on leader and follower relationships. -Transformational (called charismatic) focuses on creating vision, purpose, or mission.

6. Differentiate Between Transactional and Transformational. Transactional leadership places emphasis on managerial theories (Social-Exchange) -Keys are role of leader, group, and performance. -Reward and punishment system. -Build healthy relationships.

6. Differentiate Between Transactional and Transformational. Transformational leadership motivates followers to: -do more than is expected. -see raised value in tasks. -put group’s common cause in front of individual needs.

“Lives of Great Men All Remind Us We Make Our Lives Sublime, And, Departing, Leave Behind Us, Footprints In The Sands Of Time.” -Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

40 Leader Speeches in 2 Minutes

Example of Transformational Leader

November 1 Leader Biographies Name of Biography – Need the name & book Start bringing book to class and read last 15 minutes of class each time Biography needs to be read by: November 1

Finish Assignments from Chapter 1 Make sure to email your quote & why you chose it and how it relates to leadership Now: 5.2 Questionnaire (Task Relationship Questionnaire) Journal – on your own sheet of paper- Thoughts & Feelings on my Task & Relationship Questionnaire results…… 2-1 Leadership Theories Chart 2-12 Star Wars Case Study 12.2 Path-Goal Styles Questionnaire 2-13 Are you a Transformational or Transactional leader There will be a notebook check at the end of Friday to check all your assignments. Also Quiz #2 Friday beginning of class