Species Communities and Niches

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Presentation transcript:

Species Communities and Niches

Species richness The number of species in a community Increases near equator

Relative abundance population of a given species in a specific size ecosystem Compares the percent of each species EX. Percent of mallards in pond compared to total bird population

Species diversity Relates the number of species to the “relative abundance” of each

Species area effect Larger areas usually contain more species than smaller ones Evident on islands

Individualistic concept Community is made of nothing more than different species that happen to be living in same area

Holistic concept Communities are an integrated unit that depend on each other for survival. “super organism”

Trophic cascade Interactions among species (plant – animal) promote species richness.

Elk eat Aspen trees

Wolves eat elk

Ex. wolves influence vegetation Wolf predation near aspen trees increases Elk change browsing habits Aspen increase

Community stability Resistance to change Biodiversity increases stability

Biodiversity

Ecological Niche concept

Niche The role an organism fills in its community

Niche determined by Habitat Place in food chain Specific food types When they eat or hunt

Great horned owl and red tailed hawk have different niches Both eat small rodents Both live in same area BUT owls hunt at night, hawks hunt during day

Fundamental niche Potential niche – without any competition

Realized niche The part they actually use due to competition. Usually smaller

Competition exclusion One Species is eliminated from a community because of limited resources. Can not occupy same niche

Example paramecium P. Caudatum paramecium declines in presence of other paramecium

Resource partitioning When several similar species subdivide a niche for resources Ex. 5 different warbler species eating different areas of a tree

Character displacement One Phenotype is selected because of competition Ex anoles. on same island there are populations that eat different things and occupy different niches,

Conceptually we can look at the environment as a limited resource that can be shared by one or more species Here, an environmental resource, shown in green, must be shared between the little blue and big red species. It's possible to fill the environments with lots of little blue blocks, a few red blocks, or a mixture of reds and blues. Note that in this example, four blues equal one red individual (the blues need 1/4 of the space, food, or other resource as red individuals). From the environment's point of view, the blues are 0.25 of a red (species A as B; we'll term this as "a"), Red individuals are worth 4 blues (species B as A; we'll call this term "b"), Although in this example the two species are symmetric, they don't necessarily have to be.

Depending on the amount of overlap, competition may be nonexistent, weak or strong (Figure 3). Fitness varies with the strength of competition. In areas of low fitness few if any offspring will be passed on to the next generation. Organisms with medium fitness will pass on some offspring to the next generation but not as many as those with high fitness

Figure 4 shows some of the possible outcomes for our two species Figure 4 shows some of the possible outcomes for our two species. Here, the resource continuum represents the limited resource that is at the center of the competition. As an example, assume that the resource is seeds and the X axis is seed size (small, medium, and large). Let's further assume that species 1 and 2 are finches. Finch 1 takes mostly smaller seeds while . finch 2 take the larger seeds. Both, however, take medium-sized seeds

Character displacement When similar species share same location they have greater change in traits (character) ex. Darwin's finches Different island = similar size Same island = greater difference in size