PATHWAYS 2 LISTENING AND SPEAKING Unit 1 National Geographic, Heinle CENGAGE Learning Elizabeth Celeste Coiman-Lopez, BAT, MS Houston Community College, School of Continuing Education

Unit 1 - p.6 PRONUNCIATION – Words Endings -s and -es RULES: For most words, an –s or -es ending does not add an extra syllable to the word. leg legs like likes refer refers For words ending in /s/, /sh/, /ch/, /x/ add an –s or –es and it’s pronounced /iz/, adding an extra syllable to the word. bus buses surprise surprises exercise exercises Unit 1 - p.6 PRONUNCIATION – Words Endings -s and -es

Unit 1 - p.8 GRAMMAR – Adverbs of Frequency ALWAYS 100% USUALLY 90 -99% OFTEN 75 – 90% SOMETIMES 25 – 75% NOT OFTEN/ SELDOM 10– 25% RARELY (HARDLY EVER) 1 – 10% NEVER 0% Unit 1 - p.8 GRAMMAR – Adverbs of Frequency

Unit 1 - p.9 LANGUAGE FUNCTION – Using Expressions of Frequency RULES Use them to talk about frequency. once twice three times hour day week month year I exercise three times a week. She takes vitamins once a day. 2. Use every to talk about frequency 3. Every is similar to each. hour day week month year Every Monday Tuesday Friday six months five years Laura plays tennis every Saturday. I go to the dentist every six months. Unit 1 - p.9 LANGUAGE FUNCTION – Using Expressions of Frequency

Unit 1 - p.18 GRAMMAR – Tag Questions RULES: Forming Tag Questions: Affirmative sentences Negative tag questions You’re going to the gym, aren’t you? Negative sentences Affirmative tag questions She doesn’t have any health problems, does she? Answering Tag Questions: You did your homework didn’t you? Yes, I did. Or No, I didn’t it. Unit 1 - p.18 GRAMMAR – Tag Questions

Unit 1 - p.18 GRAMMAR – Tag Questions - PRONUNCIATION RULES: Use rising intonation when we are really not sure of the answer. Peter’s coming to class, isn’t he? Use falling intonation when we already know the answer or think the listener will agree. They were late again, weren’t they? NOTE: the speaker is emphasizing a statement and expects you to say YES. Unit 1 - p.18 GRAMMAR – Tag Questions - PRONUNCIATION