Chapter one – Organizing the body Anatomy/Physiology Chapter one – Organizing the body

What is Anatomy and Physiology? Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Physiology – the study of the function of the body

Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cells–made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organism– made up of the organ systems

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules 2 Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle tissue Heart 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Figure 1.1

Organ systems – 11 of them Support, Movement, Protection Maintenance Cardiovascular Integumentary Lymphatic Skeletal Respiratory Muscular Digestive Body Communication Excretory/Urinary Nervous Reproduction Endocrine Reproductive

Homeostasis Homeostasis – to maintain a stable internal environment Ex. body temp, heart rate, blood pressure, blood clotting

Anatomical Position Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body Figure 1.7a

Directional Terms Anterior (ventral) – towards the front ex. windpipe is anterior the esophagus. Posterior (dorsal) – towards the back ex. heart is posterior to the ribcage Superior – above, or towards the head ex. the face is superior to the neck Inferior – below, or away from the head ex. the navel is inferior to the chin

Directional Terms Medial - towards the midline ex. the nose is medial to the eyes. Lateral - away from the midline of the body. ex. the eyes are lateral to the nose. Proximal - towards the center point. ex. the elbow is proximal to the hand. Distal - away from the center point ex. the hand is distal to the elbow.

Directional Terms Superficial- towards the surface ex. the skin is superficial to the muscle Deep - away from the surface of the body. ex. bones are deeper than the muscles

Body regions – 2 of them Axial Portion– includes the head, neck and trunk Appendicular Portion– includes the limbs

Anatomical Planes – 3 of them Sagittal - plane running from front to back. - Divides a body into right and left sides Frontal or Coronal- plane running from side to side. - Divides a body into front and back portions. Transverse or Horizontal - a crosswise plane - Divides the body into upper and lower sections

Anatomical planes

Cavities of the body – 4 of them Cranial Cavity - space in the skull Thoracic Cavity – space in the chest Abdominal Cavity – space in the belly Pelvic Cavity – space between the hip bones

Body cavities

Anatomical Movements Flexion: Decrease the angle between two bones connected by a joint. Extension: An Increase the angle between two bones connected by a joint. Or return from flexion. Continuation of extension beyond the normal anatomical position is called hyperextension.

Anatomical Movements Abduction: Moves a bone away from the medial plane of the body. Adduction: Moves a bone towards the medial plane of the body. Rotation: is the pivoting or moving of a bone upon it’s axis. Circumduction: causes a bone to subscribe the surface of a cone in space as it moves.

Anatomical Movements Supination: is the movement of the forearm that turns the palm forward or upward. Pronation: is the movement of the forearm that turns the palm backwards or downwards. Inversion: turns sole of the foot inwards Eversion: turns sole of foot outwards. Elevation: raising a bone or body part. Depression: lowering a bone or body part.

What are some movements involved in… A standard push-up A pull up A free throw shot A Hula hoop contest Jumping jacks Walking

Review Anatomy vs. Physiology Homeostasis & Organ Systems Anatomical Position Directional Terms Body Regions Body Planes Body Cavities Anatomical Movements

Book questions Page 15-16 Study Questions #’s 1, 3, 4, 9 Objective Questions #’s 1-5, 13-18, 19-28 .