2nd Semester Participation Policy IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 31 JAN 2011 2nd Semester Participation Policy Participation is 15% of quarter grade Lose points for Coming to class late Talking without raising your hand Not attempting your drills Getting out of your seat without raising your hand Gain points by positively participating in class http://www.palaestra.com/sun.gif

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-2 UNIT 3 Topics Covered IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER UNIT 3 Topics Covered Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels Classical Mechanics: Force, Work, Energy, and Power Trigonometry and Vectors Energy and Power Impacts of Current Generation and Use

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels Fuels and Energy Energy is NOT fuel used for transportation and heating, for lights and appliances, and foods for consumption. FUEL ENERGY Fuels are a source of energy. Fuels are the material source of energy, containing it as a potential.

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels Fuel Types Non-renewable Fossil Fuels Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil) Nuclear – Uranium ore Renewable Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 REVIEW Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are burned to release stored energy. Formed from the heated and pressurized remains of dead plant and animal life over hundreds of millions of years. Non-renewable – millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted faster than new ones are being formed. Volatile: natural gas and petroleum Nonvolatile: coal

Chemistry 3-1 Carbon has four valence electrons C IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 Chemistry Carbon has four valence electrons C The four bonds allow Carbon atoms to form long chains. Most of the remaining bonds are Hydrogen

Photosynthesis 3-1 Most organic molecules are made by plant life. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 Photosynthesis Most organic molecules are made by plant life. CO2 + Water + Sunlight -> Hydrocarbons + O2 Inputs Carbon Dioxide from the air Water vapor Energy from the sun Outputs Organic molecules Oxygen

Human Fuel 3-1 Animals eat plant or animal life IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 Human Fuel Animals eat plant or animal life Convert organic material into energy by reversing the photosynthesis reaction Energy is used to power our muscles and keep our body temperature high Excess plant material is stored as body fat or muscle

Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial plants that died around 350 million years ago. Plant remains preserved in water and mud. Heat and Pressure http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpointpresentations.html

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas and Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas and Petroleum Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas. http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpointpresentations.html

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Often referred to as “gas” Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but includes quantities of other hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C http://www.altfuels.org/backgrnd/fuelchem.html C8H18 – Octane CH4 – Methane C3H8 – Propane

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction Crude oil forms and floats toward the surface of earth’s crust – has a lower density than brine Oil wells release petroleum to the surface. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Top World Producers Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%) 90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (255,000 miles of pipeline). http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Drill- Answer these in your notes IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 February 1, 2011 Drill- Answer these in your notes What is the source of petroleum products? What is the chemical formula for methane, propane and octane? http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas and Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas and Petroleum Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas. http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpointpresentations.html

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Often referred to as “gas” Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but includes quantities of other hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C http://www.altfuels.org/backgrnd/fuelchem.html C8H18 – Octane CH4 – Methane C3H8 – Propane

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Storage and Transport NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers. NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in underground storage systems Old oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Processing http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Uses - HOME NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S. ~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water heaters, dryers, and other appliances. NG is raw material for: Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives Propane – barbecue grills http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Uses – INDUSTRY Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc. U.S. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/file.php/2292/S278_1_017i.jpg

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/naturalgas.html#HOWWEGETIT http://www.ems.psu.edu/~radovic/oil_reserves97.gif

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Consumption Barrels per person per day http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:OilConsumptionpercapita.png

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Refining Raw, unprocessed crude oil is mostly not useful Varies in color – from clear to tar-black Varies in viscosity – from water to almost-solid Crude oil is processed and refined into more usable forms – separated into parts Distillation – purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refining

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Refining Different components of crude have different boiling points. When a vapor cools to its boiling point, the vapor become a liquid again – like steamed water in a pot Process: Crude is boiled Highest boiling points condense first Lower boiling points condense last http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refining

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Refining http://img.alibaba.com/photo/12033517/Crude_Oil_Refinery_Products_.jpg

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Refining http://img.alibaba.com/photo/12033517/Crude_Oil_Refinery_Products_.jpg

Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Uses Primarily used to achieve mobility Manufacture medicines, fertilizers, food, plastics, building materials, paints, cloth, and to generate electricity Physical structure and way of life of suburban communities

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Quiz on Thursday Review notes for Coal, Natural Gas, and Petroleum. Know the source for each type, and how we obtain the material.