PROGRAMMED LEARNING October 20, 2008
Programmed learning is one of the important innovations of the 20th century in the teaching –learning process. October 20, 2008
Self Instructional Technique Individualized Instruction Logically Sequenced (Small Segments) October 20, 2008
Related Educators Thorndike -Trial and Error Gagne-Chain -Signal Learning Robertmager - Learner Controlled Instruct Skinner -Operant Conditioning Sidne L Pressy -Teaching Machines Norman A Crowder -Mathetics T.F.Gilbert -Intrinsic Lawrence Stolurow - C A I (Computer Edgerdale - Cone Of Experience October 20, 2008
Definitions It is a Systematic Step By Step Self Instructional Programmes. It is a device which presents an exercise or a problem to a student , inducing him to respond , and revealing to him whether or not his response is correct. It is a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to produce a measurable and consistent effect on the behaviour of each and every acceptable student. Educational programming is the scheduling and control of student behaviour in the learning process. It is a planned sequence of experiences, leading to proficiency in terms of stimulus response relationship. October 20, 2008
Characteristics Individualized instruction Logically sequenced ,small steps called ‘frames’. Pay due consideration to the initial or entering behaviour of the learner. Provision for feed –back. Interaction between the learner and the learning material is important. Self –pacing to the learner . Continuous evaluation. October 20, 2008
principles Small steps. Active participation and responding Reinforcement Self –pacing Self evaluation Immediate feed –back October 20, 2008
Programmed instructional materials Teaching machines Programmed text books Scrambled book October 20, 2008
Types of programming Linear or extrinsic Branching or intrinsic October 20, 2008
B.F Skinner LINEAR Straight line-single track Every learner follow the same path 1 2 3 4 October 20, 2008
Branching Norman A Crowder Bigger frames Content frame Remedial frame October 20, 2008
Content frame Repeating student response, Positive confirmation New information Question Alternative answers-directions to go to relevant page October 20, 2008
Remedial frame Repeating the student response Negative confirmation Reason as to why he is wrong Further explanations Directions as to where the learner should go next. October 20, 2008
Forward branching Whether it is right or wrong learner ---- new page 1 2 Remedial + Parallel Qn October 20, 2008
Backward branching Repeating the missed frames October 20, 2008
Linear cum Branching , Mathetics October 20, 2008
Structure of a programme Pre test Entering behaviour Programme (broken down into elements) Post test Terminal behaviour October 20, 2008
Written or performance Comparison small larger bigger constructed Multiple choice Written or performance Linear book Scrambled Instra -package Low cost expensive High cost October 20, 2008
Primes & Prompts For helping the learner make the correct response and eliminate error, he is assisted in the form of primes and prompts in the introductory frame. October 20, 2008
Priming is introduced in a frame through a process of copying the response given in the stimulus All elements are made up of small particles of matter called atoms The smallest particle of copper is called----(Example) October 20, 2008
The prompt can be classified into two categories Prompt is a hint or cue , is provided to help the learner to choose the correct response The prompt can be classified into two categories Formal (provides an indication of form of response) Thematic (depends on the general properties of the prompting stimulus). October 20, 2008
Characteristics Linear Programming Branched Programming Characteristics Linear Programming Branched Programming of the programme Step size Small Large Response type Constructed Multiple choice Reinforcement Correctness of response ultimate correctne Subject matter Paper Programme Cost Control of response Level of learner Mode of response 10.Procedure October 20, 2008
Thanks October 20, 2008