כלכלה התנהגותית: כהנמן מול סמית

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Presentation transcript:

כלכלה התנהגותית: כהנמן מול סמית ישראל אומן המרכז לחקר הרציונליות האוניברסיטה העברית, ירושלים פורום הסטודנטים לכלכלה ח"י בטבת תשע"ב באוניברסיטת תל-אביב (12.01.12)

כהנמן מול סמית ב 2002, ניתן פרס נובל לכלכלה לוֶרנון סמִית ודניאל כהנמן. סמית הוכיח שבני אדם הינם רציונליים. כהנמן הוכיח שבני אדם אינם רציונליים. מה קורה כאן?

כהנמן “In extensive research on human behavior based on surveys and experiments, … Kahneman … called into question the assumption of economic rationality. … (He showed) that people are incapable of fully analyzing complex decision situations … they rely instead on heuristic shortcuts and rules of thumb.” – Information for the Public www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/popular.html

סמית “The first experiments in economics … (tested) … the most fundamental result in economic theory: … (that) the market price (equilibrates) between supply and demand. … Smith found, much to his surprise, that the prices obtained in the laboratory were very close to their theoretical values. … other researchers … by and large confirmed the results.” – Information for the Public www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/popular.html

אז מה באמת קורה כאן? טברסקי וכהנמן נתנו בעצמם את התשובה: בני אדם משתמשים בכללים – "הויריסטיקות" – ולא ממקסמים באופן מודע. כתבו במפורש: “In general, (these heuristics) are quite useful, but sometimes they lead to severe and systematic errors.” -- D. Kahneman and A. Tversky (Science, 1974)

בקיצור, סמית מתיחס לשכיח, לכלל; כהנמן – לבלתי שכיח, ליוצא מן הכלל, ל"לפעמים". ושניהם צודקים. שאלה: בעצם, מה זה רציונליות כלכלית? למה הכוונה? תשובה: פעולה נקראת רציונלית אם היא מקדמת את עניני הפועל, בהינתן המידע שלו.

Georg HEGEL (1807) תיזה: כלכלה קלאסית רציונאליות תיזה: כלכלה קלאסית רציונאליות אנטי-תיזה: כלכלה התנהגותית אי-רציונאליות סיסטמטית סינטזה: רציונאליות של כללים

רציונאליות של פעולות: למקסם מעל פעולות: בכל מצב שבו צריך להחליט על פעולה, בחר את הפעולה הטובה ביותר באותו מצב. רציונאליות של כללים: למקסם מעל כללים – לכל סוג מצב שבו צריך לקבל החלטה, בחר כלל החלטה אשר בדרך כלל הנו הטוב ביותר, אבל לאו דווקא תמיד.

רציונאליות של פעולות – מכוון, מודע. רציונאליות של כללים – אבולוציוני, נלמד, תת-מודע. לרוב, הכלל מתבצע ע"י מנגנון.

דבורים, פרחים, וצוף • לא רציונלי שאלה: למה שדבורים יהיו רציונליים? (Andreas Bertch, circa 1985, unpublished) שאלה: למה שדבורים יהיו רציונליים? תשובה: אבולוציה.

משחק האולטימטום (Güth et al, 1982, Roth et al 1991, Roth and Slonim 1998, …) Two people must divide $100.- They are in separate rooms, do not know each other, and interact only this one time. A designated one, the offerer, makes an offer. The other one, the responder, may either accept or reject. If he accepts, the amount is divided accordingly. If not, no one gets anything.

Results: Usually, most offers are 65-35 or more generous, and are accepted. Some offers are 80-20, and are usually rejected. This is Possible explanations: PRIDE, SELF-RESPECT, INSULT, REVENGE. Irrelevant explanations: REPUTATIONAL EFFECTS IRRATIONAL

Rationality is an expression of evolutionary BEES & FLOWERS Act: Find food wherever you can Rule: Go by Experience Mechanism: Learning window ULTIMATUM GAME Act: When offered $20, take them. Rule: Don’t let people kick you in the stomach! Mechanisms: PRIDE, SELF-RESPECT, INSULT, REVENGE Rationality is an expression of evolutionary forces, which work by the RULE, not the exception, not the contrived situation.

Other Examples: Hunger & enjoyment of food Bees & orchids Enjoyment of sex Arrow’s Pacific Island story Probability matching – Choosing a route to get to work (Dreze) Immediacy (Hyperbolic Discounting) (Bavli) Recency (overweighting the probability of recent events) Professor Selten’s Umbrella Endowment Effect Anchoring Altruism Conjunction Fallacy (Zilber, Hertwig & Gigerenzer)

תודה!

DP 497 of the Hebrew University Rationality Center: http://www.ratio.huji.ac.il/dp_files/dp497.pdf